Chapter 15 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Insula
A
Involved in emotion, empathy and taste
2
Q
Three categories of functional area in the cerebrum
A
-motor areas
-sensory areas
-association
3
Q
Motor areas
A
Control voluntary motor functions
-axons terminating on the effector area
4
Q
Sensory areas
A
Provide awareness of sensation
-send information to association
5
Q
Association area
A
Integrate, analyze and store infromation
6
Q
What are the four lobes of cerebrum
A
Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
7
Q
Central sulcus
A
Separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobe
8
Q
Motor areas found in
A
Broca’s area and primary motor area
9
Q
Motor area carries
A
Carries information from the brain to the body
10
Q
Primary motor area
A
Located: pre central Gyrus of frontal lobe
Neurons control: voluntary skeletal and muscle activity
11
Q
Motor speech area (Broca’s area) (location,regulates,controls)
A
Located: inferior lateral portion of the left frontal lobe
Regulates: patterns of breathing
Controls: muscular movements for speech production
12
Q
Frontal eye field (location and regulation)
A
Locataed: superior surface of middle frontal Gyrus
Regulates: eye movement (reading and coordination of binocular vision)
13
Q
Primary somatosensory cortex
A
Located: parietal lobe, behind Gyrus area
Receives information: touch, pain, proprioception, thermal, origin of sensation
14
Q
What are the Sensory areas
A
-primary somatosensory cortex
-primary visual cortex
-primary auditory cortex
-primary gustatory cortex
-primary olfactory cortex
15
Q
What are the association areas
A
-somatosensory association area
-visual association area
-auditory association area
-wernickes area
16
Q
Somatosensory association area
A
Located: in parietal lobe
Function: sensations to determine texture and shape of objects, temperature and pressure
17
Q
Visual association area
A
Located: occipital lobe
Function: visual information, concerning: colour, movement and form
18
Q
Auditory association area
A
Located: temporal lobe
Function: recognize sound, speech, music or noise
19
Q
Wernickes area
A
Located: within the left hemisphere
Function: recognizing, understanding, spoken or written language
20
Q
Components of diencephalon
A
-epithalamus
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
21
Q
Epithalamus
A
-posterior roof of diencephalon
-covers medial lateral portions
-habenular nuclei
22
Q
Epithalamus contains what endocrine gland?
A
Pineal gland
23
Q
Pineal gland
A
Secretes melatonin
-acts in a way to promote sleepiness; produces more in dark
-circadian rhythm
24
Q
Habenular nuclei
A
Relays signals from limbic system to midbrain
-behaviour responses to odour/smell
25
Thalamus
-paired oval masses of gray matter
-lie on each side of third ventricle
-contain thalamic nuclei
26
Gray matter
-motorneurons, interneuron (cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelination axons)
Forms cerebral cortex
27
White matter
Made up of myelinated axons
-deep to grey matter
28
Features that support and protect the brain
-bony cranium
-cranial meninges
-CSF
-BBB
29
What are the three cranial meninges
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater
30
Cranial Dura mater has two layers, they are:
-periosteal layer
-meningeal layer
31
Four cranial dura septa
-falx cerebri
-falx cerebelli
-tentorium cerebelli
-diaphragm sellae
32
Falx cerebri
Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
33
Falx cerebelli
Separates two hemispheres of the cerebellum
34
Tentorium cerebelli
Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
35
Diaphragm sellae
Forms a roof over the cella turcica
36
Cella turcica
Holds the pituitary gland
37
How many ventricles are there in the brain
There are four ventricles
38
Ventricles
Cavities within the brain that contain CSF
39
Two of the lateral ventricles are found
One in each cerebral hemisphere
40
How are the two lateral ventricles separated
The septum pellucidum
41
Where is the third ventricle found
In the diencephalon
42
How does the third ventricle communicate with lateral ventricles
Interventricular foramen
43
How does the third ventricle communicate with the forth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
44
where is the fourth ventricle found
Between the pons and cerebellum
-merges with the central canal of the spinal cord c
45
CSF
Clear liquid that circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space
46
Functions of CSF
-buoyancy
-protection
-environmental stability
47
What forms the CSF
Choroid plexus
48
How many times a day is CSF produced, and roughly how much?
Three times a day, making 500mL
49
The blood brain barrier
Regulates substances, what can enter into the interstitial fluid of the brain
50
What specifically does the BBB let in (on slideshow)
Allows entry of lipid solvable substances
-nicotine, alcohol and anaesthetics
51
What areas of the body are missing BBB
-choroid plexus
-hypothalamus
-pineal gland
52
Why does the choroid plexus not have a BBB
Capillaries must be permeable to make the CSF
53
Why does the hypothalamus and pineal gland not have a BBB
Hormones are made that need to readily access the blood
54
Cerebrum
Largest portion of the brain
-center of intelligence, reasoning, thought, memory and judgement
-sensory perception (visual and auditory)
-voluntary motor
55
Gyri
Folds of cerebrum
56
Fissures
Deep grooves in the cerebrum
57
Sulci
Shallow depressions in the cerebrum
58
What’s the difference between fissures and sulci
Fissures are deep, sulci are shallow
59
Corpus callosum
Internally connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
-highway of communication between the two
60
What are the lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal, parietal, temporal and occiputal
61
Central sulcus
Serpentes the frontal lobe form the parietal lobe
62
Where on your head is the frontal lobe
Forehead area
63
Where on ur head is parietal lobe
Headband area and back to mid ear area
64
Where on ur head is the occipital lobe
Back rear part of the skull
65
Where on ur head is the temporal lobe
Temples! Stretches inward from temple area
66
Precentral gyrus
-primary motor area of cerebral cortex
Anterior to central cultus
67
Postcentral gyrus
Primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
-posterior to the central sulcus
68
Lateral cerebral sulcus
Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe
69
Parieto occipital sulcus
Separates the parietal lobe from occipital lobe
70
Frontal lobe function
Voluntary movement, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning and personality
71
Parietal lobe functions
General sensory perception
-shape and texture of objects
72
Temporal lobe
Involved with hearing and smell
73
Occipital lobe
Processes incoming visual information and stores visual memories
74
insula
Deep to the lateral sulcus
-involved in awareness, emotions, empathy and taste
75
Cerebral cortex
The surface of the adult brain
76
Cranial dura mater
Outer layer
-fibrous and dense irregular tissue
77
Cranial dura mater layers
-superficial layer
-meningal layer
78
Arachnoid
Middle layer, found around brain and spinal cord
Contains: arachnoid villi and subarachnoid fluid
79
Arachnoid villi
Picks up nutrients and waste form the CSF
-drains into rural venous sinus
80
Where does the rural venous sinus drain into
Jugular vein
81
Choroid plexus
Neural tissue containing blood capillaries
-production of CSF
-has ependymal cells
82
Ependymal cells
Pick up nutrients and make CSF
-drain CSF into subarachnoid space
83
Pia mater
Innermost
-highly vascularized
-tightly adhered to the brain
84
Arachnoid trabeculae
Web of collagen and elastic fibres
(Part of arachnoid mater)
85
Meningeal layer
Lies deep to the periosteal layer
86
Periosteal layer
More superficial layer
-forms periosteum on internal surface of cranial bones
87
Rural venous sinuses
Drain blood from brain and transport to internal jugular vein
88
Epidural space
Contains arteries and veins to nourishing meninges
89
Components of the diencephalon
-epithalamus
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
90
Intercarpal
Proximal and distal finger joints
91
Epithalamus
-houses pineal gland
-as well as habenular nuclei
92
Habenular nuclei
Works together with limbic system, in terms of emotional responses to odour
93
Thalamus
-covers center core of diencephalon
-picks up signal and sends it out to other areas of brain
-prioritizes information (silence unimportant things/focus)
-reflexes related to smell
94
Hypothalamus
-activates autonomic no
-controls major hormones
-thermostat of the body
-emotional behaviour
-sensation of hunger
-water intake
-circadian rhythms
95
What impacts water intake
-vasopressin and aldosterone
96
Brain stem contains
-midbrain
-medulla
-pons
97
Brain stem connects the ______ and ______ to the spinal cord
-forebrain
-cerebellum
98
Brain stem functions
Autonomic reflex centres
-nuclei of many cranial nerves
99
Midbrain is located
As the superior portion of the brain stem
100
Cerebral aqueduct
Extends thru midbrain connecting third and fourth ventricles
101
Cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by
Periaqueductal grey matter
102
Somatic motor axons descend from primary motor cortex thru _____ to the spinal cord
Cerebral peduncles
103
Superior cerebellum peduncles
Connect the cerebellum to the midbrain
104
Red nuclei
Coordinate muscular movements
-maintaining posture
105
Substantial Nigria
Produces neurotransmitter dopamine
-very crustal
-subconscious activities
106
Red nuclei works synergistically with
The cerebellum
107
Superior colliculi
Involved in visual reflexes and activity
-accommodation reflexes
108
Accommodation reflexes
Tracking movement of the eye, head and neck in response to visual stimuli
109
Inferior colliculi
Part of the auditory reflex center
-turn head toward unexpected noise
110
Pons
Bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another
-controls breathing/skeletal muscles involved w respiration
-contains two regions
111
Two regions of the pons
Dorsal (ascending and descending)
Ventral regions (pontine nuclei)
112
Dorsal tracks
Connects right and left cerebellum
113
How many nerves are associated with the pons
There are four pairs
114
Medulla oblongata function/location
The most inferior part of the brain stem
-contains pyramids (white matter tracts)
-heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing
115
Decussation of pyramids
Crossing over of white matter
116
Three parts of the medulla
-medullary respiratory center
-cardiovascular center
-vasomotor center
117
Cardiovascular cetner
Regulates the rate and force of heartbeat
-includes blood vessel diameter
118
Vasomotor center
Causes arterioles constriction or elevate blood pressure
119
Medullary respiratory center
Adjusts basic rhythms of breathing (rate and depth)
-centres of reflexes (sneezing, coughing, vomiting)
120
Inferior olivary nucleus
Impulses from proprioception
-monitors
121
Gracile and cuneate nuclei
Sensation of touch, pressure, vibrations and proprioception
122
Medulla contains how many cranial nerves
Five
123
Cerebellum
-contains cerebellar cortex
-
124
Cerebellar cortex
Consists of gray matter, in series of folia
125
Folia
Parallel ridges of gray matter
126
Arbour vitae
Tracts of white matter
127
Cerebellar nuclei
Regions of gray matter
-axon impulses from cerebellum to other brain centres/spinal cord
128
Vermis
Separates two lobes of cerebellar hemispheres
129
Fissures
Deep separation of two cerebellar hemispehres
130
Anterior and posterior lobe of cerebellum
Controls skilled muscular actives
-catching a baseball
131
Cerebellar peduncles
Conduct impulses between cerebellum and other brain parts
132
Flocculonodular lobe
Equilibrium and balance
133
Alcohol in the cerebellum
Alcohol passes the BBB, affected the cerebellum which controls skilled skeletal muscle movements
134
Limbic system
Emotional brain
-range of emotions (pain, pleasure, anger)
-socio sexual behaviour
-olfaction
135
Damage to the limbic system causes
Memory impairment
136
How many cranial nerves are in the midbrain
Two pairs
137
How many cranial nerves are in the forebrain
Two
138
How many cranial nerves are in the pons
Three pairs
139
Olfactory nerve
-sensory : olfactory
-found: nasal cavity
I
140
Optic nerve
-sensory: visual senses (ability to see)
-found: retina
II
141
Oculomotor nerve
-motor: eye movement (ciliary muscles and iris muscles)
Blink and move eyes
-found: muscles of iris
III
142
Trochlear nerve
- motor: eye movements (superior oblique)
Move eyes up and down, back and forth
-found: eye and eyelid, ciliary muscles
IV
143
Trigeminal nerve
-sensory: touch, temperature and pain in cheeks
-motor: muscles of mastication (jaw movements)
-found:throughout face (cheeks and jaw)
V
144
Abducens nerve
-motor: extrinsic eye muscle (lateral rectus)
Eye movement
-found: central eye muscles
VI
145
Facial nerve
-motor: facial expressions
-sensory: sense of taste
-found: throughout face
VII
146
Vestibulocochlear nerve
-sensory: hearing and balance
-found: cochlea of inner ear
VIII
147
Glossopharyngeal nerve
-sensory:taste
-motor: ability to swallow
-found: posterior tongue, pharynx and salivary gland
IX
148
Vagus nerve
-sensory: visceral sensory information from various organs
-motor: controls certain organs
-found:
X
149
Accessory nerve
-Motor: shoulder and neck muscle movement
-found: neck area running upwards toward jaw and ear
XI
150
Hypoglossal nerve
-motor: tongue movements
-found: under tongue (intrinsic and extrinsic muscles)
