Chapter Six - Skeletal System

Question 1

Hyaline cartilage

Question 2

Fibrocartilage

Question 3

Elastic cartilage

Question 4

Bone functions

Answer 4

-support and protection
-movement
-hematopoiesis
-storage of mineral and energy reserves

Question 5

Hemopoiesis

Answer 5

Blood cell formation in red bone marrow

Question 6

Bone types (four)

Answer 6

Long, short, flat, irregular

Question 7

Long bone

Answer 7

Greater length than width
-most common
-varies in size
Example: fingers, thigh, toes

Question 8

Short bone

Answer 8

Length nearly equal to their width
-external: compact
-internal: spongy
Example: wrist bone, kneecap

Question 9

Flat bone

Answer 9

Flat, thin surfaces
-extensive surfaces for muscles attachment
-underlying soft tissue
Example: shoulder blade, breastbone

Question 10

irregular bone

Answer 10

Complex shapes, that do not follow other categories
-compact bone covering the spongy bone
Example: hip bones

Question 11

Compact bone

Answer 11

Osteocytes

Question 12

Spongy bone

Answer 12

Bone marrow

Question 13

Diaphysis

Answer 13

Elongated, rodlike part of a long bone
-the shaft of a long bone

Question 14

Epiphysis

Answer 14

Expanded, knobby region at the end of a long bone

Question 15

Osteon

Answer 15

Functional unit of a compact bone

Question 16

Chondroblasts

Answer 16

Cells that produce the matrix of cartilage

Question 17

Chondrocytes

Answer 17

Mature cartilage cell
-maintain matrix
-occupy small spaces named lacunae
-ensure matrix remains healthy
-avascular

Question 18

Three types of cartilage

Answer 18

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

Question 19

Two types of cartilage growth

Answer 19

-interstitial
-appositional growth

Question 20

Appositional growth

Answer 20

Growth along the outside edge
-under perichondrium

Question 21

Interstitial growth

Answer 21

Occurs within the internal regions of cartilage

Question 22

Proximal epiphysis

Answer 22

End of the bone closest to the body trunk

Question 23

Distal epiphysis

Answer 23

End farthest from the trunk

Question 24

Metaphysis

Answer 24

Section of a long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis

Question 25

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 25

Thin layers of hyaline cartilage that provides

Question 26

Epiphyseal line

Answer 26

The remanent of the Epiphyseal plate -thin layer of compact bone

Question 27

Articulate cartilage

Answer 27

Thing layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis at a joint surface -reduce friction -absorb shock

Question 28

Medullary cavity

Answer 28

Hollow, cylindrical space within diaphysis -in adults contains yellow marrow

Question 29

Endosteum

Answer 29

Incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone Example: medullary cavity

Question 30

Periosteum

Answer 30

Tough sheath, covers outer surface of the bone -dense irregular connective tissue -protects the bone -anchors blood vessels -provides stem cells

Question 31

Perforating fibres

Answer 31

Anchors the periosteum to the bone -strong collagen fibres

Question 32

Osteoprogenitor

Answer 32

Stem cells derived from mesenchyme -found in periosteum and endosteum

Question 33

Osteoblast

Answer 33

-produces new bone and osteoid -eventually differentiate into osteocytes

Question 34

Osteoid

Answer 34

Organic form of bone matrix -later calcifies and hardens due to calcium salt depositon

Question 35

Osteocytes

Answer 35

Mature bone cells that are entrapped in the matrix -maintain bone matrix -detect stress

Question 36

Lacunae

Answer 36

Small cavity or depresson

Question 37

Osteoclasts

Answer 37

Derived from fused bone marrow cells -phagocytic cells -multinuclear -important for bone resorption

Question 38

Bone resorption

Answer 38

-osteoclasts secrete hydrochloride acid -dissolves mineral parts of the bone matrix -lysosomes within the osteoclasts secrete enzymes that dissolve organic part -this dissolved part then enters the tissue fluid and then blood

Question 39

Osteolysis

Answer 39

Softening, absorption and destruction of bone connective tissue

Question 40

Osteoblasts ____ to bone matrix and osteoclasts ____ the matrix

Answer 40

-add -remove

Question 41

Osteoblast and osteoclast are affected by

Answer 41

Hormonal levels

Question 42

Composition of the bone matrix

Answer 42

-calcium phosphate -hydroxyapatite

Question 43

Compact bone

Answer 43

Solid and relatively dense

Question 44

Spongy bone

Answer 44

Appears more porous like a sponge

Question 45

Trabeculae

Answer 45

Open lattice of narrow plates of bone -found in spongy bone

Question 46

Diploe

Answer 46

Flat bone of the skull, two layers of compact bone -found in spongy bone

Question 47

Central canal

Answer 47

Cylindrical channel that lies in the Center of the osteon -blood vessels and nerves -compact bone

Question 48

Concentric lamellae

Answer 48

Rings of bone connective tissue surrounding the central canal, and form osteon -alternating collagen fibre directions give bone strength and resiliance

Question 49

Osteocytes are housed in

Answer 49

Lacunae

Question 50

Canaliculi

Answer 50

Tiny channels through bone connective tissue -nutrients, minder all etc can pass thru the these passageways Example: dentist story

Question 51

Circumferential lamellae

Answer 51

-rings of bone that run the entire circumference of the bone itself

Question 52

Parallel lamellae

Answer 52

Make up spongy bone