Final Exam Flashcards
(323 cards)
1
Q
Pelvic girdle is made up of
A
-sacrum
-coccyx
-right and left ossa coxae
2
Q
Function of the pelvis
A
Supports and protects viscera of body cavity
3
Q
Parts of ossa coxae
A
-ischium
-ilium
-pubis
4
Q
Parts of the ischium
A
-ischial spine
-ischial body
-lesser sciatic notch
-ramus
-ischial tuberosity
5
Q
Parts of the ilium
A
-ala
-arcuate line
-iliac fossa
-anterior, posterior, inferior gluteal lines
-auricular surface
-iliac crest
-anterior/posterior superior iliac spine
-posterior/anterior inferior iliac spine
-greater sciatic notch
6
Q
Parts of the pubis
A
-inferior pubic ramus
-ischiopubic ramus
-superior pubic ramus
-obturator foramen
-pubic crest
-pubic tubercle
-symphysial surface
-pectineal line
7
Q
Ramus
A
-ischium
Fuses with pubis
8
Q
Ala
A
-ilium
Fan shaped portion
9
Q
Iliac fossa
A
-ilium
Depression
10
Q
Anterior, posterior, inferior gluteal lines
A
-ilium
Attachment for gluteal muscles
11
Q
Auricular surface
A
-ilium
Sacrom to form sacroiliac joint
12
Q
Iliac crest
A
-ilium
Feelable area of hip
13
Q
Greater sciatic notch
A
-ilium
Contains sciatic nerve, for lower limb
14
Q
Acetabulum
A
Where the femur articulates
-area of all three bones
15
Q
Lunate surface
A
-Part of acetabulum
Smooth c shaped surface that articulates with femoral head
16
Q
Inferior pubic ramus
A
Fuses with ischium
17
Q
Inferior pubic ramus forms the
A
Ischiopubic ramus
18
Q
Oburator foramen
A
Contains Pubic and ischial rami
19
Q
Pubic crest ends at
A
Pubic tubercle
20
Q
Symphysial surface
A
Site of articulation with pubic bone
21
Q
True pelvic bone
A
Contains rectum and sex organs
-lesser pelvis
22
Q
False pelvis
A
Does not contains pelvic organs
-urinary bladder, lower intestine
23
Q
Pelvic brim
A
Line from sacral promontory to the upper part of pubic symphysis
24
Q
Pelvic axis
A
Path of the baby during birth
25
Female pelvic bone
Wider and shallower
-more space
26
Subpubic angle of female and males
Female : >100
Male: <90
27
Male pelvic bone
Larger and heavier
-pelvic inlet smaller and heart shaped
28
Coccyx of female and male
Female: posterior tilt
Male: vertical
29
The femur
Longest, strongest and heaviest
30
Head of femur
Articulates with os coxae at acetabulum
31
Fovea of femor
Small depression within head
32
Pectineal line of femor
Attachment of pectineus muscle
33
Gluteal tuberosity of femor
Attachment of gluteus Maximus muscle
34
Intercondylar fossa of femor
Separates 2 condyles
35
Patellar surface of femor
Patella articulates with the femur
36
Patella
The kneecap
37
Articular surface of patella
Articulates with patellar surface of femor
38
Tibia
Weight bearing
39
Interasseous membrane
Thin sheet between tibia and fibula
40
Fibula
Origin for several muscles
41
Medial and lateral condyles of tibia
Articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur
42
Fibula articular facet of tibia -forms
Superior tibulofibular joint
43
Tibial tuberosity of tibia
Attachment for patellar ligaments
44
Fibula notch of tibia -forms
Inferior tibulofibular joint
45
Articular facet of fibula
Articulates with tibia
46
Lateral malleolus of fibula
Provides lateral stability
47
Proximal tarsals
Calcaneus, talus and navicular
48
Distal tarsals
-Medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms
-cuboid
49
Iliacus origin and insertion
O: iliac fossa of ilium
I: lesser trochanter of femur
50
Function of the iliacus
-anterior muscle
-flexes and rotate thigh laterally
51
Function of: Anterior, posterior and media muscles that move the thigh
-stabilize hip joint
-support for body during movement
52
Anterior group of muscles
-Illiacus
-psoas major
-sartorius
-recuts femoris
53
Function of anterior group of muscles
Hip flexors
54
Psoas major origin and insertion
O: transverse process & body of lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter
55
Psoas major function
Anterior group
-flexes and rotates the thigh laterally
56
Sartorius origin and insertion
O: anterior superior iliac spine
I: medial surface of body of tibia
57
Sartorius function
Anterior group
-flexes, abducts and rotates leg medially
58
What is the longest flexor and rotator muscle of the thigh
Sartorius
59
Recuts femoris origin and insertion
O: anterior inferior iliac spine
I: tibial tuberosity
60
Recuts femoris function
Extends and flexes thigh at a hip joint
61
Lateral group of muscles
-tensor fasciae latae
62
Origin and insertion of tensor fasciae latae
O: iliac crest/spine
I: tibia by the way of iliotibial tract
63
Function of tensor fasciae latae
Flexes and abducts thigh medially at hip joint
64
Lumbar plexus cutaneous innervates
To the calf of the leg, and plantar surface of the foot
65
Lumbar plexus motor innervation
Posterior thigh and leg muscles
-intrinsic muscles of the foot
66
Location of lumbar plexus
L1-L5
67
Femoral nerve
Thigh, leg and foot
-posterior division of the lumbar plexus
68
Obturator nerve
Medial and lateral aspects of only the thigh
-anterior division
69
Posterior division of lumbar plexus
Femoral nerve
70
Anterior division of lumbar plexus
Obturator
71
What type of bone is the patella
Sesmoid
72
Patella forms what joint
Patellofemoral joint
73
Fibula is
Lateral
74
How many tarsals
Seven
75
how many metatarsals
Five
76
How many Phalanges
Fourteen
77
Metatarsophalangeal joint is between
Phalanges and metatarsals
78
Tarsometatarsal joint is between
Metatarsals and tarsals
79
Intersarsal joints are between
Tarsals and tarsals
80
Anterior extensor muscles of knee and leg
-recuts femoris
-vastus lateralis
-vastus medial is
-vastus intermedius
81
Recuts femoris origin and insertion
O: anterior inferior iliac spine
I: tibial tuberosity
82
Vastus lateralis origin and insertion
O: greater trochanter and line aspera of femur
I: tibial tuberosity
83
Vastus medialis origin and insertion
O: linea aspera of femur
I: tibial tuberosity
84
Vastus intermedius origin and insertion
O: anterior and lateral surface of the body of the femur
I: tibial tuberosity
85
Anterior extensor muscles all extend
The leg at knee joint, and flexes thigh at hip
86
Posterior flexor muscles -hamstringis femoris
-biceps femoris
-semimembranosus
-semitendinosus
87
Posterior flexor muscles -hamstringis femoris function
Flexes leg at knee joint and extend the thigh at the hip
88
Origin and insertion of biceps femoris
O: ischial tuberosity
I: head and lateral condyles of fibula
89
Origin and insertion of semimembranosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial condyle of tibia
90
Origin and insertion of semitendinosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: shaft of tibia
91
Common action of anterior compartment of leg muscles
Extend great toe and dorsi flex the foot at the ankle joint
92
Common action of posterior leg muscles
Flexes leg at knee and plantar flex the foot at ankle joint
93
Location of sacral plexus
L4-L5 and S1-S4
94
Sacral plexuses supplies nerves to
Buttocks, perineum and lower limbs
95
Common fib nerve innervates
anterior, lateral leg and dorsum of the foot
96
Sciatic nerve innervates
Anterior and lateral leg
-dorsum of the foot
97
Abdominal aorta goes to
Common iliac
98
Common iliac goes to
External iliac
99
External iliac goes to
Femoral
100
Femoral goes to
Deep artery of the thigh and popiteal
101
Popiteal goes to
Anterior tibial or posterior tibial
102
Anterior tibial goes to
Dorsalis pedis
103
Dorsalis pedis goes to
Arcuate and lateral plantar
104
Arcuate goes to
Dorsal metatarsal
105
Dorsal metatarsal goes to
Dorsal digital
106
Posterior tibial goes to
Fibula, lateral plantar and medial plantar
107
Lateral plantar goes to
Plantar arch
108
Plantar arch goes to
Dorsal metatarsal
109
Dorsal metatarsal goes to
Plantar digital
110
Veins: anterior tibial and posterior tibial go to
Popliteal vein
111
Veins: popliteal vein goes to
Deep femoral vein
112
Vein: deep femoral vein goes to
Great saphenous vein
113
Vein: femoral vein goes to
External iliac
114
Vein: external iliac goes to
Internal iliac vein
115
Vein: internal iliac vein
Common iliac vein
116
Vein: common iliac vein goes to
Inferior vena cava
117
Six functions of the digestive system
-ingestion
-secretion
-motility
-digestion
-absorption
-dedication
118
Carbohydrates turned into
Glucose
119
Lipids turned in
Fatty acid
120
Proteins broken down into
Amino acid
121
GI tract consists of
-oral cavity
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine
-anus
122
Accessory organs consist of
-teeth
-tongue
-salivary glands
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
123
GI tract vs accessory organs
GI- digest, absorb and secretion
accessory- release secretions to help digestive organs
124
Secretion consists of…
Gastric juices and hormones
125
Motility can be
Peristalsis (smooth wall) and mixing (contact with gastric juices)
126
Function of oral cavity
Initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion
127
Function of tongue
Manipulate food, mixing with saliva
128
Function of salivary glands
Produce and secrete saliva
-produces amylase
129
Amylase
Begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
130
Lingual lipase
Lipid and far digesting enzyme secreted by lingual glands
131
Parotid glands
25-30 percent
132
Submandibular glands
60-70 percent
133
Sublingual glands
3-5 percent
134
Top to bottom of teeth
-crown
-neck
-root
135
Gingiva
Attaches to gum
136
Pulp cavity
The sensitive part of a tooth
137
periodontal ligaments
Secret to root
-gomphosis joint
138
Dentin
70percent hydroxyapatite
139
Enamel
Calcium phosphate crystals
140
Greater omentum
Largest peritoneal fold
-from stomach to most of abdominal organs
-accumulates fatty apron like a beer belly
141
Mesenteries
Folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize GI tract organs
142
Lesser omentrum
Connects the stomach and duodenum from the liver
143
Mesentery proper
Suspends most of the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall
144
Mesocolone
Attaches part of large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
145
Retroperitoneal organs
Ascending and descending colon, duodenum and pancreas
146
Mucosa
Innermost lining of the GI tract
147
Mucosa epithelium
Absorbs the nutrients and contains enteroendocrine cells
148
Mucosa lamina propria
Contains MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)
-bacteria defense
149
Muscularis mucosa
Smooth muscle fibers
150
Four primary layers of the abdominal GI tract
-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis
-serosa
151
Submucosa
Highly vascular and contains the submucosa nerve plexus
152
Submucosal nerve plexus
Control activity of secretion of endocrine and submucular gland
153
Muscularis
Consist of two types of smooth muscles: inner circular and longitudinal fibers
-contains myenteric nerve plexus
154
Myenteric nerve plexus
Controls GI tract motility
155
Serosa
Most superficial layer of GI tract, secretes a serous fluid to limit “rubbing against”
156
Functions of esophagus
Secretes mucus and transports bolts into the stomach
157
Elevation of the larynx causes the _____ to relax
Upper esophageal sphincter
158
Esophagus contains two
Sphincters
-inferior
-superior
159
Fucntions of the stomach
Mixing area and holding reservoir
-turning bolus into chyme
160
Digestion of carbohydrates begins in
The mouth
161
Digestion of proteins and triglycerides begins
In the stomach
162
Chyme
Liquid form of food
163
Stomach connects
Esophagus to duodenum
164
The stomach secretes
-Gastrin hormone into the blood
-gastric juice
165
Gastric juice contains
HCL, pepsin, intrinsic factors
166
Pepsin
Protein digesting enzyme
167
Gastric lipase
Triglyceride digesting enzyme
168
Pancreatic lipase
Fati digesting enzyme
169
Cardia of the stomach
Initial part of the stomach
170
Fundus of the stomach
Food storage
171
Body of stomach
Food mixing
172
Pyloric part of stomach
End portion
173
Pyloric sphincter
Regulates chyme into duodenum
174
Exocrine gland cells of the stomach
-mucus neck cells
-chief chels
-parietal cells
-surface mucous cells
-enteroendocrine cell
175
Surface mucous cell
Neutralize acid into duodenum
-secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin
-superior portion
176
Mucous neck cell
Secretes acidic fluid containing mucin to break protein
177
Parietal cell
Secretes intrinsic factor and hydrochloride acid
-breaks down large connective tissue of food
-denaturation
178
Chief cell
Secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase
-carbohydrate and lipid
179
Enteroendocrine cell
Secretes gastrin into blood
-hormone to regulate reabsorption and secretion
180
Function of the small intestine
Complete digestion and absorption
-secretes intestinal juice
181
Intestinal juice
Provides vehicle for absorption of substances from chyme
182
three regions of small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
183
Goblet cells of the small intestine
Secrete mucus
184
Mucosa of small intestine
Lined with glandular epithelium
185
Intestinal glands of small intestine
Intestinal juice
186
Paneth cells of small intestine
Secrete lysozyme
187
Unicellular gland cell
Synthesizes enteropeptidase
-protein digestive enzyme
188
Enteroendocrine cell
Secretes hormones
-gastrin and secretin
189
Functions in large intestine
Where the final stage of digestion occurs in the colon
190
Mass peristalsis
Occurs in transverse colon and stronger wave
191
Absorptive cell of large intestine
Absorbs water
-helps retain water when dehydrated
192
bile canaliculi
Emulsification to break down fat
193
Functions of the liver
-produce and release bile
-detoxifies blood
-stores excess nutrients
-produces plasma proteins
194
Hepatocytes
Produce bile
-liver cells
195
Function of gallbladder
Store and concentrate bile
196
Cystic duct duct drains in to
Common hepatic duct
197
Common bile duct goes to
Hepatopancreatic ampulla with hepatopancreatic sphincter
198
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
Common opening to release into duodenum
199
Left and right hepatic ducts merge to form
A common hepatic duct
200
Three regions of the gallbladder
Neck, body and fundus
201
Neck of gallbladder
Form cystic duct to common duct
202
Exocrine Function of pancreas
Acinar cells that secrete pancreatic juice into the duodenum
203
Endocrine functions of pancreas
Insulin and glucagon to change blood sugar
204
Acinar cells
Mucin and enzymes
205
Primary sex organ of males
Testes
206
Scrotum
Skin covered sac between the thighs
-gives a cooler enviroment for sperm development
207
Testes
Oval organ housed in scrotum, produces sperm and male sex hormones
208
Tunica vaginalis
Covers testes anteriorly and laterally
209
Seminiferous tubules
-sustentactular cells
-germ cells
210
Sustentacular cells
Non diving support cells
-aid in sperm development
-create a protective enviroment
211
Sustentacular cells release
Inhibin
212
Inhibin
Inhibits FSH secretion
-regulating sperm production
213
Sperm count declines,
Inhibition decreases
214
Male and female reproductive organs are called
Gonads
215
Function of duct system
Transports and stores sperm, assist in their maturation
216
Semen
Contain sperm plus the secretions provided by accessory sex glands
217
Penis function
Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
218
Sertoli cells
Nourish, support, protect sperm
-secrete Inhibin
-phagocytize
-secrete fluid to help sperm move
219
interstitial cells (leydig)
Secrete Testosterone
220
Seminiferous tubules
Site of spermatogenesis
221
Spermatogenesis
Maturation of haploid spermatids into sperm
222
Seminal vesicles
Secretes an alkaline viscous fluid
-helps neutralize acidic environment
223
Bulbourethral or Cowpoers glands
At sexual arousal, secretion of alkaline substance is released
-to protect passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine
-mucus to lubricate tip of penis
224
Semen
Mixture of sperms and secretions
225
Prostatic secretion
Semen a milky appearance, sticky consistency
226
Seminal fluid provides
Sperm a transportation medium
-nutrients
-protection
227
Structure of sperm
228
Penis
Passageway for ejaculation and excretion of urine
229
Tunica albuginea
Fibrous tissue
230
Corpora cavernosa
Two dorsolateral masses
231
Corpus spongiosum
Spongy urethra, keeping it open during ejaculation
232
Functions of female reproductive system
-produce ova, sex hormones
-receive spermatoza
-provide site for fertilization, implantation and development
-nourishment for baby
233
The female gonads
Ovaries
234
Ovarian cortex
Consists of ovarian follicles
-contain stroma cells
235
Ovarian follicles
Nourish developing oocyte and begin to secrete estrogen
236
Oogenesis
Formation of gamete in ovaries
237
Uterine/fallopian tubes
Transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ova from the ovaries to the uterus
238
Uterus
Site of implantation of a fertilized ovum
239
Function of the kidneys
Regulates: blood composition, ph, volume and pressure AND glucose levels
Produces hormones
Excretion of wastes
240
Kidneys are located
Behind abdominal wall
-retroperitoneal
-T12 to L3
241
What are the four coverings of the kidneys
-fibrous/renal
-perirenal fat
-adipose capsule
-renal fascia
242
Fibrous/renal capsule
Helps maintain the shape of the kidney and barrier against trauma
243
Adipose capsule
Protects the kidney from trauma and holds firmly in place
244
Renal fascia
Anchors kidneys to the surrounding structures and abdominal wall
245
Perinephric fat
-outermost
Allow secure kidney to surrounding
246
Renal cortex
Light red region
-contains nephrons
247
Renal medulla
Dark red brown region
-contains renal tubules (picks up the urine)
248
Nephron
Site for blood filtering
249
Renal papilla
Posterior
-expands into minor and major caylx
250
Direction of urine collection in a kidney
Collecting duct to minor to major calyx to renal pelvis to ureter
251
Blood supply to kidney: renal artery to
Segmental arteries
252
Blood supply to kidney: segmental arteries to
Interlobar arteries
253
Blood supply to kidney: interlobar arteries into
Arcuate arteries
254
Blood supply to kidney: arcuate arteries to
Interlobular arteries
255
Blood supply to kidney: interlobular artieris to
Afferent arterioles
256
Blood supply to kidney: afferent arterioles to
Glomerular capillaries
257
Blood supply to kidney: glomerular capillaries to
Efferent arterioles
258
Blood supply to kidney: efferent arterioles to
Peritubular capillaries
259
The nephron consists of
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
260
Renal corpuscle
Filtrates the plasma
261
Renal tubules
Filter fluid passes
262
Two components of a renal corpuscle
Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
263
Glomerulus
Intertwined ball, filters plasma to form urine
264
Bowman’s capsule
-has visceral and parietal
-holds the urine immediately after made
(Separated in glomerulus then dropped into bowman’s)
265
Podocytes
Modified simple squamous epithelial cells
266
Basement membrane
Only allow small ions to pass through
267
Epithelium
268
Glomerular filtration occurs in
Glomerulus
269
Tubular reabsorption occurs in
Peritubular capillary
270
Tubular fluid is
Urine
271
Tubular secretion happens in
Renal tubule
272
Ureter function
Carries urine
273
Ureter is lined with
Mucosa
274
Mucosa is lined with ____ in the ureter
Transitional epithelium
275
Three coats of the urinary bladder
-mucosa
-muscularis
-adventitia
276
Trigone
277
Two sphincters of the urinary bladder
-internal
-external
278
Which urethra is longer in gender
Female and male
279
Gonads produce
Hormones
280
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to produce
FSH and LH
281
Female organ Ovary is the same as the male organ….
Testis
282
both the ovary and testis produce
Gametes and sex hormones
283
The male glans of penis is the same as the female
Clitoris
284
The clitoris and glans of penis both
Contain erectile tissue that stimulates sexual arousal and climax
285
The female labia minora is the same as the male organ
Body of penis
286
Both the labia minora and body of penis
Contain erectile tissue that stimulates sexual arousal and climax
287
Sctorum is the same as the female
Labia Majora
288
Labia majora and scrotum both
Protect and cover some reproductive structures
289
Greater vestibular gland is the same as the male
Bulbourethral gland
290
Both the Bulbourethral gland and greater vestibular gland
Secrete mucin for lubrication
291
Functions of the female reproductive system
-Produce ova
-secrete sex hormones
-receive sperm
-site for fertilization
-nourishment for baby
292
Mesovarium
A double fold of peritoneum attached to an anterior ovary
293
Broad ligament
Peritoneum draping uterus
294
Ovarian ligament
Anchors ovary to lateral uterus
295
Suspensory ligament
Attaches the lateral ovary to the pelvic wall
296
The fallopian tube is the same as the male
Vas deference ‘
297
Within the ovary’s cortex are thousands of
Ovarian follicles
298
What produces a oocyte
The primary folllicle
299
Granulosa cells
Larger around follicle
300
Thecal cells
Produce estrogen
301
Zone and atrium
Outer layer
302
High estrogen allows
Ovulation
303
Corpus lutem produces
Progesterone and estrogen
304
Fertilization occurs in
Fallopian tubes
305
More specifically fertilization occurs in
Isthmus of the fallopian tube
306
What part of the uterus actually breaks off
Endometrium
307
Uterus function
Site of implantation, support and protect fetus, ejects fetus during labor
308
round ligaments
Extend from lateral uterus
-inguinal canal and attach to labia majora
309
Transverse cervical ligaments
Attach cervix and superior vagina to pelvic wall
310
Transverse cervical ligaments
Attach cervix and superior vagina to pelvic wall
311
Uterosacral ligaments
Connect inferior portion of uterus to sacrum
312
What type of epithelium is part of the vagina
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
313
Alveoli
Within lobules produces milk
314
Lactiferous sinus
Store the milk
315
Areola
Pigmented part around nipples
316
Duct system
Transports and stores sperm
317
Scrotum
Skin covered sac that provides testes with a cooler enviroment
318
Interstitial cells
Produce testosterone
319
seminiferous tubules
Site of spermatogenesis
320
Sustentacular cells
Nourish suppprt and protect sperms
321
Acrosome
Creates a hole in the ovum
322
Midpiece
Mitochondria
323
Tail
Assist sperm in swimming
