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human anatomy > Chapter Five- Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter Five- Integumentary System Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Melanocytes

A

Skin colour cells that produce and store the pigment melanin

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2
Q

Major functions of the skin

A

-protection
-prevention of water loss/ secretions
-temperature regulation
-metabolic regulation
-immune system
-sensory reception

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Epithelial tissue
-stratified keratinized
-outer thinner layer squamous

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4
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Provide replacement stem cells and new keratinocytes to replace dead cells
-inhibits evaporation

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5
Q

Langerhan cells

A

Part of the immune response (phagocytosis)
-key part in epidermal cancer cells
-5%
-present in stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

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6
Q

Merkell cells

A

Sensory cells
-sensitive to touch
-when compressed release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings

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7
Q

Stratum bassale

A

Deepest layer of epidermis
-single layer and tightly attached to underlying basement membrane
-contains merkle cells, keratinocytes and melanocytes

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8
Q

Stratum spinostum

A

Second from deepest
-non dividing keratinocytes linked together by demosomes
-macrophages and langhern cells

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9
Q

Stratum Granolusm

A

Third from deepest
-contains keratonin granules
-keratinization begins taking place

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10
Q

Stratum Lucium

A

Second from top
-thin, translucent region
-only found in thick skin, palms of hand and soles of feet
-keratinocytes
-no nucleus

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11
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Top layer
-no nucleus
-anucleate keratinized cells (corneocytes)
-no nutrients
-desmosome breaks down

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12
Q

Cytokeratins

A

The keratins found in epidermal cells of the skin
-give skin strength and makes it waterproof

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13
Q

Melanin

A

Accumulates around the nucleus and shields the DNA within the nucleus

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14
Q

Darkening of skin

A

Takes place by the melanin production, and exposure to ultraviolet light

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15
Q

Keratinization

A

Keratinocytes fill up with protein keratin
-become thinner and flatter
-becomes a tightly interlocked layer of keratin fibres
-fully keratinized cell is dead, but strong due to keratin

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16
Q

A fully keratinized cell is…

A

Dead (no nucleus or organelles)
-strong because it contains keratin

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17
Q

Thick skin versus thin skin

A

Based on number of strata in epidermis

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18
Q

Thick skin

A

all five epidermal strata

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19
Q

Thin skin

A

lacks the stratum lucidum (only four layers)
-hair follicles, sebaceous glands, swat glands

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20
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen-binding protein present within red blood cells
-bright red colour

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21
Q

Amount of melanin in the skin is determined by

A

Heredity and light exposure

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22
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow-orange pigment
-acquired by eating vegetables such as carrots, corn and squash

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23
Q

Albinism

A

Hair is white, skin is pale, irises of eyes are pink
-lack of melanin production
-inherited recessive condition
-melanocytes cannot produce melanin

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24
Q

Bronzing

A

Skin appears golden-brown, copper or bronze in colour
-glucocorticoid hormone deficiency in adrenal cortex
-Addison disease

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25
Cyanosis
Skin appears bluish, due to oxygen deficiency in blood -airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest or cold weather
26
Erythema
Skin appears abnormally red -exercise, sunburn, heat, emotions -increased blood flow in dermis
27
Jaundice
Skin and sclera appear yellowish -elevated levels of bilirubin in blood -liver function is disrupted
28
Pallor
Skin appears ashen, due to white collagen fibers in dermis
29
Dermis
Lies deep to the epidermis -areolar and dense irregular -blood vessels, sweat glands, smooth muscle tissue, hair follicles
30
Layers of Epidermis from deep to superficial
BSGLC Basale Spinosum Granulosum Lucidum Corneum
31
Two major regions of dermis
Superficial papillary layer and a deep reticular layer
32
Papillary layer
-superficial region of the dermis -areolar connective tissue -sensory receptors
33
Reticular layer of the dermis
Deeper major portion of dermis -dense irregular connective tissue -large bundles of collagen fibers project in all directions
34
Lines of cleavage
Orientation of collagen fiber bundles
35
Perpendicular incision means
May gape, and delay healing
36
Incision parallel to cleavage lines
Heals much more quickly
37
Innervation
To supply with nerves -nerve fibers are dispersed throughout the dermis -skin monitor sensory receptors
38
Vasoconstriction
The diameters of the vessels narrow -less blood flow -happens when body is cold
39
Vasodialation
Diameter of vessels increase -more blood flow -when the body is hot
40
Subcutaneous layer
Deep to the integument -excessively vascular -areolar areas function to bind to the underlying tissues -adipose areas function as fat
41
Nail matrix
Actively growing part of the nail
42
Lunula
Whitish semilunar area
43
Cuticle
Narrow band of epidermis, onto the nail body
44
Hyponychium
Region of thickened stratum Corneum, the free nail edge projects
45
Phalanx
Finger bone
46
Free edge
Part of the nail that is unvascularized
47
Hair bulb
Swelling at the base of the bulb -made up by Epithelial cells
48
Hair papilla
Small portion of connective tissue -tiny blood vessels and nerves
49
Root
Portion of the hair deep to the skin surface
50
Shaft
Portion of the hair that extends beyond skin surface
51
Hair matrix
Hair production -specialized type of keratinization
52
Medulla
Remnant of the soft core of the matrix -loosely arranged cells, soft keratin
53
Cortex
Several layers of flattened cells closer to the outer surface
54
Cuticle
Multiple cell layers around the cortex -coats the hair Outer most
55
Hair follicle
Oblique tube that surrounds the root hair
56
Arrector pili muscles
Stimulated in response to emotional state, or temperatures -muscle contracts, pulling follicles elevating the hairs -goose bumps
57
Functions of hair
-protection -heat retention -sensory reception -visual identification
58
Apocrine sweat glands
Produce viscous, complex secretion -influenced by hormones -axillary, anal, areolar and pubic regions
59
Merocrine sweat glands
Watery secretion -controlled by nervous system -antibacterial protection, thermoregulations Found thoughout the body, especially prominent on palms, soles and forehead
60
Sebaceous glands
Produce sebum -associated with hair follicles
61
Sebum
Coats epidermis and shaft of hair -lubrication and antibacterial activity
62
Ceruminous glands
Waterproof earwax called cerumen -lubricates the ear
63
Mammary glands
Breast milk to nourish offspring -breasts

human anatomy (15 decks)

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