Chapter 1 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Two categories of anatomy
A
Microscopic Anatomy- anything not able to be viewed by the naked eye
Gross anatomy- structures that can be seen with the unaided eye
2
Q
Difference branches of Gross Anatomy
A
SPECS DRRS
-Surface
-Pathologic
-Embryology
-Comparative
-Systemic
-Developmental
-Regional
-Radiographic
-Surgical
3
Q
WHATS THE PURPOSE OF “LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY”
A
Allows anatomical discussion to be unambiguous and have no confusion
4
Q
Anatomic position
A
The point of reference
-standing upright, feet forward and parallel
-head looking forward and level
-arms at side, palms forward, thumbs away
5
Q
Planes
A
Divides into two imaginary sections
-colonial
-transverse
-midsagitial
(Oblique)
6
Q
Sections
A
Actual slices of the body
7
Q
Colonial
A
Anterior and posterior
8
Q
Transverse
A
Inferior and superior
9
Q
Midsagittal
A
Left and right
-equal
10
Q
Oblique
A
Planes that are angled and not equal
11
Q
Anatomical directional terms
A
Location of one body part in relation to others
-anterior/posterior
-superior/inferior
-medial/lateral
-proximal/distal
12
Q
Anterior/posterior
A
Anterior- located in the front
Posterior- dorsal/back
13
Q
Superior/inferior
A
Superior- located above (head)
Inferior- forward (feet)
14
Q
Medial/lateral
A
Medial- towards midline
Lateral- away from midline
15
Q
Proximal/distal
A
Proximal- towards
Distal- away
16
Q
How many body cavities are there
A
Seven
17
Q
Posterior aspect
A
Cranial cavity, vertebral canal
18
Q
Ventral cavity is made up by
A
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
19
Q
Thoracic cavity
A
Chest cavity; anterior/laterally by chest wall-inferiorly by diaphragm
CONTAINS PPM
-Mediastinum
-pleural cavity
-pericardial cavity
20
Q
Abdominopelvic cavity
A
-Abdominal cavity
-pelvic cavity
21
Q
Cranial cavity
A
posterior aspect
-formed by cranium
-contains the brain
-no serous membrane
22
Q
Vertebral canal
A
posterior aspect
-formed by the vertebral column
-contains the spinal cord
-no serous membrane
23
Q
Mediastinum cavity
A
-thoracic cavity
-contains the pericardial cavity, heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus and major blood vessels
-no serous membrane
24
Q
Pericardial cavity
A
-found in thoracic cavity
-contains the heart (centrally associated)
-pericardium serous membrane
25
Pleural cavity
-found in thoracic cavity
-lateral regions associated with the lungs
-pleura as serous membrane
26
Abdominal cavity
-found in abdominopelvic cavity
-contains stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidney and ureters
-peritoneum as serous membrane
27
Pelvic cavity
-found in the abdominopelvic cavity
-contains urinary bladder, urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of large intestine
28
Peritoneum
Serous membranes around many abdominal organs
29
Parietal peritoneum
Lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity
30
Peritoneal cavity
Potential space with serous fluid
31
Visceral peritoneum
Covers surface of most digestive organs
32
Abdominal region
-Inferior to the chest
-superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones
33
Antebrachial region
Forearm
34
Antecubital region
-anterior to the elbow
(Cubical region)
35
Auricular region
Visible surface structures of the ear
36
Axillary region
Armpit
37
Brachial region
Arm
-upper limb between the shoulder and elbow
38
Buccal region
Cheek
39
Calcaneal region
Heel of the foot
40
Carpal region
Wrist
41
Cephalic region
Head
42
Cervical region
Neck
43
Coxal
Hip
44
Cranial
Skull
45
Crural
Leg
-lower limb between the knee and ankle
46
Deltoid
Shoulder
47
Digital
Fingers or toes
48
Dorsal
Back
49
Femoral
Thigh
50
Fibular
Lateral aspect of the leg
51
Frontal
Forehead
52
Gluteal
Buttock
53
Hallux region
Great toe
54
Nasal region
Nose
55
Occipital region
Posterior aspect of the head
56
Olecranal region
Posterior aspect of the elbow
57
Oral region
Mouth
58
Orbital region
Eye
59
Palmer region
Palm of the hand
60
Patellar region
Kneecap
61
Pectoral region
Chest
-includes mammary
62
Pelvic region
Pelvis
63
Perineal region
Diamond shape between thighs
-contains anus and selected external reproductive organs
64
Pes region
Foot
65
Plantar region
Sole of the foot
66
Pollex region
Thumb
67
Popliteal region
Area posterior to the knee
68
Pubic region
Anterior region of the pelvis
69
Radial region
Lateral aspect of the forearm
-thumb side
70
Sacral region
Posterior region between the hip bones
71
Scapular region
Shoulder blade
72
Sterna region
Anterior middle region of the thorax
73
Sural region
Calf
-posterior part of the leg
74
Tarsal region
Proximal part of foot and ankle
75
Thoracic region
Part of the torso, superior to thoracic diaphragm
-contains the pectoral, axillary and eternal regions
76
Inguinal region
Groin
-junction of thigh and trunk
77
Lumbar region
Small of the back
-inferior part of back between ribs and pelvis
78
Mammary region
Brest
79
Manus region
Hand
80
Mental region
Chin
81
Tibial region
Medial aspect of the leg
82
Ulnar region
Medial aspect of forearm
-pink side
83
Umbilical region
Navel
84
Vertebral region
Spinal column
85
Caudal/cranial
Caudal- at rear or tail end
Cranial- at head end
86
Rostral
Toward the nose or mouth
87
Ipsilateral/contralateral
-on the same side
-on the opposite side
88
Deep/superficial
-on the inside/internal
-on the outside/external
89
Parietal membrane
Along Outer cavity
90
Serous membrane
Thin whitish membrane
91
Visceral membrane
Covers the organ
92
Serous cavity-serous fluid
Allows protection/fills
-prevents damage
93
Abdominopelvic regions
-epigastric
-umbilical
-hypogastric
-right/left hypochondriac
-right/left lumbar
-right/left iliac
94
Epigastric region
(2)
Contains- liver, stomach, part of the pancreas, duodenum, adrenal glands
95
Umbilical region
(5)
Contains transverse colon, part of small intestine, branches of the blood, vessels to the lower limb
96
Hypogastric region
(8)
Contains part of the small intestine, bladder, sigmoid colon of large intestine
97
Right hypochondriac region
(1)
Contains part of liver, gallbladder, part of the right kidney
98
Left hypochondriac region
(3)
Contains part of the stomach, the spleen, part of the left kidney, the left colic flexure, large intestine
99
Right lumbar region
(4)
Contains the ascending colon, right colic flexure of large intestine, superior part of the cecum, part of the right kidney, part of small intestine
100
Left lumbar region
(6)
Contains the descending colon, part of left kidney, part of small intestine
101
Purpose of quadrants
To describe injuries, pain, tumours and other abnormalities
102
What are the four quadrants
Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower
103
Name the eleven organ systems
-integumentary
-muscular
-reproductive
-skeletal
-respiratory
-nervous
-cardiac
-digestive
-immune (lymphatic)
-endocrine
-urinary
104
Skeletal system’s anatomy
-skull
-various bones
-joints
-bone marrow
-cartillage
105
Skeletal system function
Provides structure and support
-site of hemopolesis
-stores calcium and phosphorous
-provides site for muscle attachment
106
Hemopoiesis
Blood cell production
-bone marrow
107
Integumentary system anatomy
-hair
-skin
-nails
-glands
108
Integumentary system function
-Provides protection
-regulates body temperature
-site of sensory receptors
-synthesizes vitamin D
-prevents water loss
109
Muscular system function
Produces body movement, generates heat, when muscles contract
110
Endocrine system function
-glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones
-hormones regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels and reproductive functions
111
Endocrine system anatomy
-Hypothalamus
-pineal gland
-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-thymus
-adrenal glands
-pancreas
-kidney
-testes
-ovaries
-parathyroid
112
Cardiovascular system function
System moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients and pick up waste products
113
Cardiovascular system anatomy
-heart
-blood vessels (veins, arteries)
-capillaries
-blood
114
Nervous system anatomy
-peripheral nervous system
-central nervous system
115
Nervous system function
Regulatory system, controls bodily movement
-responds to sensory stimuli
-helps to control all other systems
-consciousness, intelligence and memory
116
Respiratory system function
Simplest: gas exchange
-cycles carbon dioxide and oxygen through the body
117
Lymphatic (immune) system anatomy
-lymph nodes
-tonsils
-thymus
-spleen
-wbc
118
Lymphatic (immune) system function
Transports and filters lymph through lymph vessels and indicates an immune response when necessary
119
Digestive system anatomy
-oral cavity
-salivary glands
-esophagus
-liver
-stomach
-large intestine
-small intestine
120
Digestive system function
Mechanically and chemically:
-digest food materials
-absorb nutrients
-expel waste product
121
Male reproductive system anatomy
-ductus deferens
-seminal vesicle
-prostate gland
-urethra
-testis
-epididymis
-penis
122
Female reproductive system anatomy
-mammary glands
-ovary
-uterus
-uterine (fallopian) tube
-vagina
-external genitalia
123
Reproductive system function
-produces male/female sex hormones for maturation and secondary sex characteristics
-produces sex cells, sperm and oocytes
124
Urinary system anatomy
-pair of kidney
-pair of ureter
-urinary bladder
-urethra
125
Urinary system function
-filters the blood
-removes waste products from the blood
-concentrates waste products in the form urine
126
Surface anatomy
Superficial marking and internal body structures
-bruise/burn
127
Pathologic anatomy
Changes resulting from injury and disease
128
Embryonic anatomy
Developmental changes occurring prior to birth
129
Comparative anatomy
Comparing specific anatomy across species
130
Surgical anatomy
Anatomic landmarks before and after surgery
131
Developmental anatomy
Structural changes from conception through maturity
132
Regional anatomy
Specific area of a body/region as one complete unit
-skin
133
Radio graphic
Technology to assist anatomy, usually visual
-xray
134
Systemic anatomy
Gross anatomy of each system in the body
-urinary system
135
The four sensory receptors
-thermo
-meissener corpuscle
-nociceptor
-pacinian corpuscle
136
Thermoreceptor
Senses temperature
137
Meissener corpuscle
Senses touch
138
Nociceptor
Senses pain
139
Pacinian corpuscle
Senses pressure
140
Skin
Protective layer across entire body
-first line of defence
141
Bone marrow
Releases blood cells into the bloodstream when they are mature and required
-yellow bone marrow
-red bone marrow
142
Yellow bone marrow
Stores body fat
143
Red bone marrow
-RBC
-WBC
-platlettes
144
Cartilage
Connective tissue found in joints
-ability to resist compressive forces
-bone resilience
-provide support on bony areas
145
CNS
The brain and the spinal cord
-receiving
-processing
-responding to sensory information
146
Peripheral nervous system
-sensory and motor information
-involuntary body functions
-connects CNS
147
Thyroid
Controls metabolic rate
-releases thyroxine to aid in heart/digestive function
148
Thymus
Primarily responsible for production and maturation of immune cells
-humoral factors
149
Hypothalamus function
Majorly keeps the body in homeostasis
-sleep, memory and appetite
150
Cytology
Study of cells
-microscopic
151
Histology
Study of tissue
-microscopic
152
Midsagittal plane
Equally divides into right or left
153
Sagittal plane
Divides into right and left but may not be equal
154
Dorsal
Toward the back side of the human body
155
Ventral
Toward the belly side of the human body
156
Caudal
At the rear/tail end
157
Cranial
At the head end
158
Rostral
Towards the nose or mouth
159
Deep/superficial
Deep- on the inside
Superficial- on the outside
160
Axial
Includes head, neck and trunk
-main vertical axis of the body
161
Appendicular
Limbs or appendages
