Chapter Nine/Ten Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Articulations
A
Between two joints
-bone and cartilage
-bone and teeth
2
Q
As mobility increases….
A
Stability decreases
3
Q
Three classifications of joints
A
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synoural
4
Q
Synorial
A
-very unstable and mobile
-separated by a joint cavity
-dense irregular tissue
5
Q
Three accessory organs
A
Bursa, fat pad and tendons
6
Q
Uniaxial
A
One plane/axes
7
Q
Cartilaginous
A
-Immobile
-attached by cartilage
-no joint cavity
8
Q
Types of cartilaginous
A
-synchondroses
-symphyses
9
Q
Synchondroses
A
Hyaline cartilage
-helpful in determining age (eventually disappears)
Example: first rib and sternum
10
Q
Symphyses
A
-fibrocartiledge and slight mobility
-resists compression and shock absorber
Example: pubic symphysis (adjusts in pregnancy)
11
Q
Fibrous
A
-immobile
-no joint cavity
-prevents and restricts movement
12
Q
Examples of fibrous (3)
A
-gomphoses
-sutures
-syndesmoses
13
Q
Gomphoses
A
-held firmly in place by periodontal membrane
Example: teeth
14
Q
Sutures
A
-shock absorber
Example: skull
15
Q
Syndesmoses
A
-slight mobility
Example: tibia and fibula
16
Q
Ligaments
A
Dense regular tissue
-intrinsic binding
-reinforces synorial joints
B2b
17
Q
A joint cavity means
A
There is synouidal fluid
-movement and mobility
18
Q
Biaxial
A
Two planes/axes
19
Q
Multiaxial
A
Multiple plane/axes
20
Q
Plane joint
A
Flat surface that slices
-side to side
-back to front
Example: intecarpal and tertarsal
21
Q
Hinge joint
A
Bone fits into a depress
Example: elbow joint
22
Q
Pivot joint
A
Bone fits into ring by other bone
Example: atlantoaxial
23
Q
Saddle joint
A
Articulate saddle shape, fits into articulate saddle
Example: hip bone
24
Q
Ball/socket joint
A
Bone fits into socket of other bone
Example: hip bone
25
Syntharthrosis
Immobile joint
26
Types of synarthrosis
-cartilaginous joint
-fibrous joint
27
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly mobile join
28
Diarthrosis
Freely mobile joint
-all are diarthroses
29
Condylar joint
Biaxial joints with an oval, convex surface on second bone
-back and forth
-side to side
Example: knuckles/fingers
30
Sarcrolemma
Regulates entry and exit of materials
-plasma membrane of muscle fiber
31
Sarcoplasm
Metabolic processes for muscle fibre activities
-cytoplasm of muscle fibre
32
Sarcoplsdmic reticulum
Stores calcium ions (for contraction)
-smooth ER of muscle fibre
33
Terminal cisternae
Site of calcium ion release (promotes contraction)
-expanded ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum
34
Transverse tubule
Transports muscle impulse from sacrolemma throughout
-tubular extensions of sarcolemma
35
Myofibrils
Contain myofilaments that are responsible for muscle contraction
-cylindrical structure
36
Thick filament
Binds to thin filament causing contraction
-composed of myosin
37
Thin filament
Thick filaments bind to it and cause contraction
-composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin
38
Actin
Binding site for myosin to shorten a sacromere
-contractile protein
39
Tropomyosin
Covers active sites, prevents myosin from bringing to actin when muscle fibre is at rest
-regulatory protein
40
Troponin
Moves the tropomyosin off active sites when calcium ions bind to subunits
-allows binding of myosin to actin
-regulatory protein
41
Connectin
Organizes the sarcomere, provides passive tension
42
Nebulin
Regulates length of thin filament
43
Dystrophin
Anchors myofribrils adjacent to sacrolemma
44
Does a typical muscle fibre contain mitochondria?
Yes
About 300 per muscle fibre
45
Triad
Two terminal cisternae and t-tubules
46
Myoblasts
Undifferentiated muscle cells, potential of becoming muscle fibre
47
Satellite cell
Myoblasts that do not fuse with muscle fibres during development
-like a red shirt of muscle fibre
48
Myofibrils consist of
Myofilaments
49
Spherical molecule of actin
G actin
50
F actin
Multiple strands of G actin
51
Myofibrils arranged in repeating microscopic cylindrical units
Sarcromeres
52
Z discs/lines function
Composed of specialized proteins that serve as anchors for thin filaments
53
I band
Extend from Z disc
-only thin filaments
-disappears at maximal shortening
54
A band
Central region of sarcomere
-contains entire thick filament
-does not change during muscle contraction
55
H zone
Central portion of the A band in resting sarcomere
-only thick filaments
-zone disappears during shortening
56
M line
Mesh work structure within the Center of the H zone
-attachment site for thick filaments
-keeps thin filaments aligned
57
A band is ….
DaRK
58
I band is……
LiGHT
59
Sliding filament theory
When a muscle contracts thin and thick filaments slide past each other and the sacromere shortens
60
What changes occur during a sacromere contraction
-width of A band remains constant
-H zone disappears
-I bands narrow/shorten in length
-Z discs move closer together
-sarcomere shortens in length
61
Saddle joint
Articulate saddle shape, fits into articulate saddle
-hip joint
62
Ball/socket joint
Bone fits into socket of other bone
-coxal (hip bone)
63
Articulate capsule
Double layered capsule
64
Fibrous layer
Outer layer
65
Synovial membrane
Stops joints form pulling apart
-areolar
-inner layer
66
Synovial fluid
Lubricates, nourishes chondrocytes
-shock absorber
67
Joint cavity
Contains small amount of synovial fluid
-reduces friction of bones
68
Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage, reduces friction
-cushions
-protects bone
69
Ligaments
Brings bones together
-dense regular
-reinforces synorial joints
70
Extrinsic ligaments
Separate from articular capsule
-outside
71
Intrinsic ligaments
Thickening of the capsule itself
72
Having a joint cavity means
There will be synovial fluid
-movement!!!!!!!
73
Periodontal membrane
Multiple dense regular connective tissues
-gum for teeth
74
Synostoses
Bones completely fuse across
-suture line
75
Interosseous membrane
Binds Shafts of two articulating bones together
76
Synarthrosis
Immobile
77
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly mobile
78
Diarthrosis
Freely mobile
79
Gliding
Two opposing surfaces slide slightly
-back to front
-side to side
80
Angular
Increasing or decreasing the angles between two bones
-synovial joints
81
Flexion
Decrease the angle
-to bend
-head down, making a fist
82
Extension
Increases angle
-stretching out
-straightening fingers, straighten arm
83
Hyperextension
Extension of joint beyond its normal range
-usually injury
84
Lateral flexion
Trunk of body moves in coronal plane laterally away
-vertebrae in cervical
85
Abduction
Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline
-raising arm up, spreading fingers
86
Adduction
Medial movement of a body part toward the midline
-arm at side, fingers touching (queen wave)
87
Circumspection
Continous- distal end of limb moves in a circle
-arms doing windmils
88
Rotation
Bone pivots around own longitudinal axis
-turning ur head (shaking head)
89
Lateral rotation
Anterior surface of femor/humorous lateral movement
-90 degree arm pointing forward, moving it outward
90
Medial rotation
Anterior surface of femor/numerous medial rotation
-90 degree arm moving to the inside (pressed against stomach)
91
Pronation
Rotation of forearm, palm turned posteriorly
92
Suplination
Rotation of forearm, palm is turned anteriorly
93
Depression
Movement inferiority
-open mouth, shoulder relaxed after shrugging
94
Elevation
Movement superiority
-closing mouth, shoulder shrugging
95
Dorisflexion
Ankle joint movement , superior surface toward anterior of leg
-toes pointed up toward knee
96
Plantar flexion
Toes pointed towards the ground
97
Inversion
Twisting foot so sole is medial/inward
98
Eversion
Twisting foot so sole in lateral/outward
99
Protraction
Anterior movement of body part form an atomic position
-pushing your jaw out
100
retraction
Posterior movement of body part from an atomic position
-pulling jaw back in
101
opposition
Thumb movement to permit grasping an object
-crossing thumb over toward pinky
102
What type of joints are SYNARTHROSIS
Drosis, phosis, suture
-gomphosis
-suture
-synchondrosis
103
What type of joints are AMPHIARTHROSIS
Syn, sym
-syndesmosis
-symphysis
104
What types of joints are DIARTHROSIS
All synovial joints
105
Properties of muscle tissue
Three E’s, Two C’s
-excitability
-conductivity
-contractile
-elasticity
-extensibility
106
Excitability in muscle tissue
Cell responds to a stimuli’s, electrical change
-action potential
107
Conductivity in muscle tissue
Transmit electrical events along cell membrane
108
Contractility in muscle tissue
Enables body movement by tension and shortening cell length
109
Elasticity
Returns to original length following shortening and lengthening
110
Extensibility of muscle tissue
Lengthening of a muscle cell
111
Skeletal tissue properties
Striated and voluntary
-considered an organ
112
Skeletal tissue functions
-body movement
-posture
-protect and supports
-regulates elimation of materials
-produces heat
113
Fascicles
Bundles of muscle fibres
-part of perimysium
114
Muscle
Multiple fascicles
-contain blood vessels and nerve fibres
-part of epimysium
115
Muscle fibre
Multinucleated cylindrical fiber
-striated with Myofibrils
-part of endomysium
116
Myofibril
Contractile
-long and cylindrical, striations
117
Contractile proteins
Thick (myosin) and thin (actin)
118
Regulatory proteins
Troponin and tropomyosin
119
Endomysium
MUSCLE FIBER
-innermost layer of areolar tissue
-contains reticular fiber to bind
-electrically insulate
120
Perimysium
Surrounds fascicles and branches blood vessels to them
-dense irregular
121
Epimysium
Surrounds whole skeletal muscle
-dense irregular
122
Deep fascia
Binds muscles with similar functions
-visceral
-sheaths help to distribute: nerves, blood vessels lymph and fill space
123
Superficial fascia
Subcataneous
-separates muscle from skin
-areolar and adipose
124
Tendon
Attaches muscle to bone, skin or another muscle
-thick cord like
125
Aponerosis
Unique tendon in thin flatten sheet form
126
Somatic motor neurons
From brain and spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscle
127
Axial skeleton
Superior and inferior attachment
128
Appendicular
Proximal and distal attachment
129
Muscle contraction
Z disc moving towards each other as the myosin attaches to the actin
130
Connective tissue covering of the muscle
Epimysium
131
Connective tissue covering of the fascicles
Perimysium
132
Connective tissue covering the muscle fiber
Endomysium
133
Origin of muscle
The fixed part of the muscle
134
Insertion
Moving part
-indicates the movement by the muscle
135
Do muscles move bone
No- the tendon moves the bone by muscle attachment
136
Four patterns of fascicles arrangements
-circular
-parallel
-convergent
-pinnate
137
Circular patterns
Fascicles arranged concentrically around an opening
-muscles around the lips
138
Parallel
Fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle
-no every strong
Example: recuts abdominis, thigh muscles
139
Convergent
Triangles muscle with common attachment site
-direction of pull can be changed
-Pectoralis major
140
Pennate
One or more tendons at oblique angle to tendon
-pulls harder
141
Agonist
Prime mover -Produces a specific movement
-biceps brachii moves arm on its own
142
Antagonist
A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist
-tricep brachii vs bicep brachii
143
Synergist
Muscle that assist the agonist
-brachialis and brachioradialis to flex antebrachium
144
How are muscles named
1. Function
2. Location
3. Muscle attachments
4. Orientation
5. shape and size
6. Muscle heads
145
If a muscle can abduct
“Adductor”
146
Calmodulin
Replaces the troponin, to enable slow, efficient fatigue resistant compressions
(Calcium binds)
-allows smooth muscle to be involuntary
147
Calmodulin
Replaces troponin to allow smooth, efficient, fatigue resistant contractions
(Calcium to simulate)
-creates involuntary movements
148
What sets smooth muscle apart
-sparse sarcoplasmic reticulum, instead calcium stored in ECF
-no t-tubules
-contains Calmodulin instead of troponin
149
Cardiac is….
Autorhythmic
150
Autorhthmyic
Doesn’t need a stimulation to function
151
Dark band
A band, Z disc
152
Light band
I band
