Midterm Three Flashcards
(355 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the vertebral column
A
-support and upright body postition
-weight of the head
-houses/protects spinal cord and spinal nerves
2
Q
Adult vertebral column contains __ vertebrae
A
26
3
Q
How many cervical vertebrae
A
7
4
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae
A
12
5
Q
How many lumbar vertebrae
A
5
6
Q
Function of curvatures
A
-inc strength
-shock absorber
7
Q
Which vertebrae are immovable
A
Sacral and coggyeal
8
Q
Cartilage of interverbreal discs
A
Fibrocartilege
9
Q
Transverse process
A
Attachment site for ribs
10
Q
Intervertebral foremen
A
Houses spinal nerves
11
Q
Lamina
A
Superstates 3 processes
12
Q
Pedicle
A
Gliding surface onto other spinal bones
-puzzle piece
13
Q
Vertebral foremen
A
Opening
-where the spinal cord is
14
Q
Body
A
Absorbs body weight
15
Q
Difference between atlas and axis
A
Atlas- no body, contact with medulla, slightly larger, associated with head nod YES
Axis- smaller, has dens and spinous process, associate with head shake NO
16
Q
Superior articular facets
A
Forms atlanto-occipital joint
17
Q
_____ processes arise from the vertebral arch
A
Seven
18
Q
Dens
A
2nd vertebra fits into first
Injury will affect medulla/physical trauma
19
Q
Third to seventh vertebrae differences
A
-similar to thoracic
-most in common with each other
20
Q
Thoracic vertebrae
A
-large and strong
-costal facets
-bodies articulate with the head of ribs
21
Q
Which thoracic vertebrae do not articulate with the head of ribs
A
T11 and T12
22
Q
Costal facets
A
Articulate the tubercles of ribs
23
Q
Lumbar vertebrae
A
-largest and strongest (carry more body weight)
-no costal articular facets or transverse foramen
-intervertebral disc massive
24
Q
Sternocleidomastoid O and I
A
O: manubrium of sternum and clavicle
I: mastoid process of temporal bone and nuchal line of occipital bone
25
Sternocleidomastoid function
Flexes cervical portion and head at Atlanta-axial joint
26
scalene muscles O and I
O: transverse process of ribs 2-7
I: first and second ribs
27
Scalene muscles function
Elevate the ribs
28
Anterior group of muscles (of neck, that move the head)
-sternocleidomastoid
-scalene muscles
29
Direction of blood flow to circle of willis
1. Arch of aorta
2. Subclavian
3. Vertebral
4. Basilar
5. Cerebral arteries (posterior, anterior and middle)
6. Circle of willis
30
Circle of Willis supplies blood to
The pituitary gland
31
Function of the thorax (rib cage)
-Protects: heart, lungs, trachea
-supports for upper limb
-breathing
32
Xiphoid process
Attachment for abdominal muscles
33
Body of ribs
Attachment for 12 ribs
34
Manubrium
Clavicle and rib attachment
-as well as some muscles
35
How many bones in the thoracic cage
25
36
Floating ribs
11-12
37
Which of the three articulate with the costal cartilages of ribs
-manubrium
-body
-xiphoid process
Manubrium and body
38
True ribs
1-7
-direct attachment to the sternum
39
False ribs
8-10
Indirect attachment to the sternum
40
How many false ribs are there
5 ribs
-ten altogether (two slides)
41
Where do the false ribs attach
Attach to rib 7
42
Floating ribs
11-12
No attachment to sternum at all
43
How many true ribs
There are seven
44
How many false ribs
5
45
How many false ribs that are not floating ribs
3
46
How many Floating ribs
2
47
Muscles of inspiration
-diaphragm
-external intercostal
48
Muscles of expiration
-diaphragm
-internal intercostal muscle
49
Accessory muscles of breathing
Forced exhalation:
-internal intercostals
-abdominal muscles
-transversus thoracic
-serratus posterior inferior
50
Accessory muscles of breathing
Forced inhalation:
-sternocleidomastoid
-scalenes
-pectoralis minor
-serratus posterior superior
-erector spinae
51
Where are the cervical plexus located
C1-c4
-Anterior rami
52
Phrenic nerve
Travels through thoracic cavity to innervate the diaphragm
53
Segmental branch
Deep muscles of neck
-levator scapulae
-scalene muscles
54
Cervical plexus superior roots
-infrahyoid
-geniohyoid
55
Cervical plexus inferior roots
Infrahyoid muscle
56
Receptor for olfaction
Olfactory
57
Receptor for gustation
Gustatory
58
Receptor for vision
Photoreceptor
59
Receptor for hearing
Inner hair cell
60
Stimuli’s is the
Activation of receptors
61
General senses
Temperature, pain, touch, stretch and pressure
62
Special senses
Gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium and hearing
63
Olfactory receptor cells
Detect odour
64
Supporting cells
-SUSTAIN RECEPTOR CELLS
Support
-nourishment
-insulation to receptor cells
-odour binding proteins
65
Basal cells
Replace worn out olfactory receptor cells
66
Bowman’s glands
Mucous producing glands that moisten the epithelial surface
-dissolve the odorant molecules
67
Olfactory gland
Contains immune mucus
68
What lobe does olfaction stimuli’s go to
Temporal lobe
69
Sweet taste
Sugars
70
Salty taste
Na+ and Cl-
71
Sour taste
Acids (H+)
72
Bitter taste
Alkaloids
73
Umami taste
Amino acids
74
Taste buds are found in
Papillae
75
Papillae
Elevations on the tongue
76
Filiform papillae
-tatctile receptors
-no taste buds
Not involved in food taste
77
Fungiform papillae
5 taste buds
-over entire surface of tongue
78
Vallate papillae
100-300 taste buds
-V shape row at back of tongue
79
Foliate papillae
Lateral margins of tongue
-degenerate in early childhood
80
Most involved taste buds
Vallate papilla
81
Where does taste stimuli get sent
Insula
82
Gustatory pathway cranial nerves
CN VII facial n
CN IX glossopharyngeal
CN x vagus
83
Olfactory pathway cranial nerves
CN I olfactory nerve
84
Palpebrae
Eyelids
85
Levator palpebrae
Muscle - provides a weak twitch
86
Palpebral fissure
Space between eyelids
87
Lacrimal caruncle
Contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
88
Tarsal plate
Support the eyelids
89
Tarsal glands
Located in the tarsal plate
90
Chalazion
Tumour or cyst in tarsal glands
91
Conjunctiva
Lining over the anterior surface of the eye
92
Palpebral conjunctiva
Thin protective mucous membrane
93
Tarsal glands
Sebaceous glands within eyelids
-prevents overflow of tears and sticking together of eyelids
94
Palpebral commissaries
Corners of the eyes
95
Lacrimal caruncle
Pink bump containing ciliary glands that produce gritty secretion
96
The superior eyelid is ….
More mobile
-protivetive
97
Choroid
Vascular, contains melanocytes
98
Sclera
Support, protection, maintains shape of the eye, and site of muscle attachment
99
Cornea
Avascular collagenous tissue
100
Retina
Inner most
-only structure responsible for converting light into rods and cones
101
Ciliary body/process
Melanocytes, aqueous humor
102
Iris
Coloured portion of the eyebal
-two smooth muscles
103
Pupil
Opening in the iris
-regulates light entrance
104
Fibrous tunic
Outer layer
105
Macula lutea
Contains the fovea centralis
106
Fovea centralis
Highly concentrated site of cones
-very sharp image
107
Optic disc
-blood vessels and nerves
Blind spot due to no rods or cones
108
Order of the three layers of inner layer (out to in)
-sclera
-choroid
-retina
109
Vascular tunic
Middle layer
110
Anterior chamber
Between iris and cornea
-filled with aqueous humor
111
Posterior chamber
Found between lens and iris
-vitreous humor
112
Pigmented layer of the retina
Melanin in the pigmented layer helps to absorb stray light rays
113
Neural/sensory layer in the retina
Photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion cell layer
114
Cells present in bipolar cell layer
-horizontal cells
-amacrine cells
115
Photoreceptors
Rods, cones
116
Photoreceptor cells
Outermost layer, composed of rods and cones
117
Bipolar cells
Synapse with photoreceptors and ganglion cells
118
Ganglion cells
Innermost layer of retina
-these cells leave retina and form optic nerve
119
Rod
Black/night vision
-fine vision
100m
120
Cones
Colour vision
10m
121
Pigmented layer
Light rays and photoreceptors
122
Optic disc
Blind spot
-lacking photoreceptors
123
Fovea central is
Depression in the retina containing the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods
-sharpest vision
124
Fovea central is is located
Within macula lutea
125
Visual pathway leads to
Occipital lobe
-primary visual cortex
126
External ear
Collects sound waves
127
Middle ear
Transmit sound waves to oval window
128
Internal ear
Receptors for hearing and equilibrium
129
Auricle/pinna
Protects the entry into the ear and directs sound waves
130
Ceruminous glands
Produce wavelike secretion of cerulean
-reduces infection
131
Tympanic membrane
Vibrates when sound waves hit it
-vibrations provide means for transmission of sounds wave energy
132
Auditory ossicles
Malleus, incus and stapes
133
Transmitting sound enters into the inner ear via
Oval window
134
Round window
Separates the middle ear from inner ear
135
Auditory tube
Open connection with the atmosphere
136
Tympanic cavity of the middle ear housing
the three smallest bones of the body
137
Membranous labyrinth
Within the body labyrinth
-consists of fluid filled tubes and spaces
138
Perilymph
Fluid within osseous labyrinth, surrounding and protecting membranous labyrinth
-extracellular fluid
139
Endolymph
Fluid within membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
-intracellular fluid
140
Semicircular canals
Each contain a membranous labyrinth structure called semicircular duct
141
Vestibule
Contains two saclike membranous labyrinth structures
-utricle
-saccule
142
Cochlea
Houses membranous labyrinth structure called choclear duct
143
Bony labyrinth is
Temporal bone
144
Utricle and saccule
Detect head position during static equilibrium
145
Cochlear duct
Housed within cochlear
146
Organ of corti
Sensory structure for hearing
-sensory epithelium with hair cells and supporting cells
147
Inner hair cells
Sensory receptors
Turning sound into Action Potential
148
Basilar membrane
Floor of the cochlear duct
149
Auditory pathway
Vestibulochoclear nerve to temporal lobe
150
Static/linear equilibrium
-utricle and saccule
Maintain position of the body relative to the force of gravity
-maculae
151
Maculae
Detects both orientation of head when body is stationary and linear acceleration
152
Dynamic/rotational equilibrium
-semicircular canal
Maintains the body position in relation to sudden movements
-crista
153
crista ampullaris
Rotation of head causes endolymph to push against the hair cells
-bending of stereocilia initates a nerve impulse
154
Vestibular apparatus includes
-saccule
-utricle
-semicricular ducts
155
Macula
Sense organs of utricle and saccule
156
Hair cells
Sensory receptors that detect static or linear equilibrium
-surface of macula
-sensory receptor
157
Otoliths
Small calcium carbonate crystals within the macula structure
158
Kinocilium
If bent of displaced, changes the amount and rate of neurotransmitter release form the hair cell
-larger stereocillia
159
Stereocilia
Found on apical surface, part of hair cells, numerous micro ville
160
Hair cells bending
Produces AP
161
Crista
-detects equilibrium
162
Semicircular ducts
Detect dynamic/rotational equilibrium
163
Equilibrium pathways
Vesicular area in cerebral cortex
164
Principal functions of the respirator system
-gas transport and exchange
-protection (gas conditioning, filtering)
-produces sounds
-olfaction
-defense
-elimates small amount of water and heat
165
Otorhinolaryngology
Ear, nose and throat
166
Pulmonologist
Diagnosis and treatment of lung disease
167
Paranasal sinuses
-frontal
-ethmoidal
-sphenoidal
-maxillary
168
Frontal sinus
169
nasal cavity
170
Pharynx
The throat, common pathway for inhaled and exhaled air, ingested food
171
Larynx
Voice box
-prevents ingested materials entering the trachea and bronchi
-sound for speech
-pressure in abdominal cavity
-sneeze and couch reflex
172
Trachea
Connnects larynx to main bronchi
-conducts air, participates in couch reflex
-hyaline cartilage
-found after larynx to T5
173
Bronchi
Largest airway
-conducts air
174
Bronchioles
Smaller conducting airway
-smooth muscle
-conducts air
175
Pleura
Serous membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the walls of the pleural cavity
176
Diaphragm
177
Conducting zone consists of
-trachea
-main bronchi
-lobar and segmental bronchi
-bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles
178
Purpose of conducting zone
Filter, warm, moisten and conduct air
179
Respiratory zone
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli
180
Purpose of respiratory zone
Gas exchange between air and blood
181
External nose
Skin and muscle- covered portion of nose
182
7 cartilages of the nose
-septal (unpaired)
-lateral (paired)
-alar (paired) (minor)
183
Nasal cavity
-Filters air
-protective immune system
184
Two regions of nasal cavity
Respiratory (cleaning and filtering)
Olfactory (sensing smell)
185
Dehydration in the nasal cavity
Mucous membrane breaks, nose bleeding
186
Concha
Increase surface area
187
Nostril
Passage of air
188
Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory receptors
189
Meatus
Air conditioning
-increased surface area
190
Chonanae
Separates nasal cavity and throat
191
Conchae
Bonds projections from lateral wall of nasal cavity
192
Meatuses
-Air passages between conchae
-lined by mucous membrane
Swirl and moisten inhaled air
193
Goblet cells
Produce mucous that moistens the air and traps dust particles
194
Cilia
Move the mucus and trapped dust particles toward the pharynx
195
Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
Secretions help moisten the air
196
Three functions of the internal structures of the nose
-warming, moistening and filtering inhaled air
-detecting olfactory stimuli
-modifying speech as air passes through
197
Pharynx
Passageway for air, liquid and food
-resonating chamber for speech
-houses tonsils
198
Three regions of pharynx
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
199
Nasopharynx
During swallowing, self palate and uvula elevates to block the nasal cavity to prevent air entry into food
200
Five openings of nasopharynx
-two internal nares
-two openings leading to Eustachian tubes
-single opening into oropharynx
201
Uvula
Elevates-block nasal during digestion
202
Paired auditory tubes
Connect the nasopharynx to tympanic cavity
203
Pharyngeal tonsil
Houses a lot of immune cells
204
Oropharynx
Digestive and respiratory functions
-allow the passage of food,, fluid and air
205
Palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil
Like a second chance to destroy pathogens
206
Epiglottis
Eating and breathing
-stops choking
207
Laryngopahrynx
Both digestive and respiratory functions
-glossopahryngeal, vague nerves
208
Larynx
-air passageway
-produces sound for speech
-increases pressure in abdominal cavity
-sneeze and cough reflex
209
How many pieces of cartilage in the larynx
Nine in total
-three single
-three paired (six)
210
Three single cartilages
-thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid
Function: support and protect larynx
211
Three paired cartilages in larynx
-arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate
Functions: involved in sound production
212
Vocal folds
True vocal cords
-opening, closing
213
Vestibular folds
False vocal cords
-doesn’t directly involve
214
Location of trachea
Larynx to T5
215
Tracheal cartilage is
Hyaline
216
Angular ligament of the trachea
Muscles to contract (night) and expand (day)
217
Conducting zone of bronchial tree (top to bottom)
-trachea
-main bronchi
-lobar and segmental bronchi
-bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
218
Respiratory zone of the bronchial tree
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
219
Right lung lobes
-superior lobe
-middle
-inferior
220
Left lung lobe
-superior lobe
-inferior lobe
221
What fissure separates the superior lobe from middle lobe (right lung)
Horizontal fissure
222
What fissure separates the middle lobe from the inferior lobe (right lung)
Oblique fissure
223
What separates the inferior from the superior lobe in the left lung
Oblique fissure
224
Apex of the lung vs base of lung
Apex- top
Base- bottom
225
Left lung function
Smaller due to heart
226
Hilum
Right lung
-blood vessels enter and leave
227
Cardiac notch
Left lung
-left ventricle pushes lung
228
Type I alveolar cell
Permits gas exchange
-squamous epithelium
229
Type II alveolar cell
Reduces surface tension/ stop from collapsing
-secrete surfactant
230
Alveolar macrophages
Engulf particles
-phagocytic cells
231
Type of epithelium in alveolar cells
Simple squamous
232
Pulmonary circulation
-right side heart Pumps deoxygenated blood thru pulmonary arteries to the lungs
-picks up oxygenated blood by pulmonary veins to bring back to left heart
233
Systemic circulation
-left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood thru systemic arteries to body cells
-systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood to right side
234
Where is the heart located
In the mediastinum
235
Heart is enclosed within tough sac called
Pericardium
236
Pericardium
-double serous membrane
-encloses the heart
Parietal and visceral
237
Fibrous pericardium
Prevents over stretching of the heart
-anchors to the mediastinum
238
Myocardium
Middle and thickest layer
-full of cardiac muscles for contraction
239
Endocardium
Lines the internal surface of heart chambers
-simple squamous epithelium and areolar
240
Parietal vs visceral
Parietal - outer
Visceral - inner
241
Serous pericardium
Made of parietal and visceral
242
Epicardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
-areolar connective tissue
243
Three layers of heart wall structure (superficial to deep)
-epicardium
-myocardium
-endocardium
244
Cardiac muscle characteristics
-intercalated discs
-desmosomes (for flexibility)
-gap junctions (action potential to spread)
245
Sulci
Surface markings/grooves
-mark boundary between two chambers
246
Three sulci
-coronary
-anterior interventricular
-posterior interventricular
247
Coronary sulcus
Marks boundary between superior atria and inferior ventricles a
248
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Right and left ventricles
249
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Between the ventricles on posterior side of heart
250
Artery and vein within posterior interventricular sulcus
-posterior interventricular artery
-middle cardiac vein
251
Anterior interventricular sulcus artery
Anterior ventricular artery
252
Artery in coronary sulcus
Right coronary artery
253
Features of Right atrium
-receives deoxygenated blood from three veins
-contains pectinate muscles
-tricuspid valve
-fossa ovalis
254
Three veins of the right atrium
-superior/inferior vena cava
-coronary sinus
255
Coronary sinus
Deoxygenated blood from heart surface
256
Pectinate muscles
Expand size of atrium to hold blood
-internal smooth muscles
257
Fossa ovalis
Oval shaped depression
258
Foramon oval
Direct transport across lung as fetus’ lungs do not function
259
Features of right ventricle
Deoxygenated blood to pulmonary arteries
-trabeculae carneae
-chordae tendineae
-pulmonary valve
260
Trabeculae carneae
Raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibres
261
Chordae tendineae
Secures atrial ventricle walls and papillary muscles
-controls opening and closing
-tendon sheet
262
Pulmonary valve
Opens on contraction
263
Papillary muscles
Regulate opening and closing veins
264
Left atrium features
-pulmonary veins
-bicuspid
265
Bicuspid valve
Separates left atrium from left ventricle
266
Left ventricle
Thickest- transports blood through body
-trabeculae carneae
-chordae tendineae
267
Atria chambers vs ventricle
Atria - thinner (less pressure and distance)
Ventricle - thicker (more pressure and distance)
268
Four valves
-pulmonary valve
-aortic valve
-bicuspid valve
-tricuspid valve
269
aortic valve
End of the left ventricle and entrance into the aorta
270
Pulmonary valve
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
271
Tricuspid valve
Between right atrium and right ventricle
272
Arterioles and capillaries are a part of which circulation
Systemic
273
Pulmonary capillaries and veins are a part of which cirulation
Pulmonary circulation
274
Left coronary arteries
Anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
275
Anterior interventricular artery
Wall of both ventricles and interventricular septum
276
Circumflex artery
Wall of left atrium and ventricle
277
right coronary arteries
Maringal artery and post artery
278
Marginal artery
Wall of right margin of the heart
279
Post artery
Left and right posterior ventricles
280
Coronary circulation function
Supplies blood to heart wall
281
Conductive system function
Propagate electrical impulses to contractile cells
282
Order of conductive system
1. sinoatrial node
2. Atrioventricular node
3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
4. Right and left bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers
283
Endothelium in a vein versus an artery
Artery- narrow
Vein- wide
284
Internal elastic lamina in a vein versus an artery
Vein- contains none
Artery - contains
285
Tunica media in a vein versus an artery
Vein - thinner/ artery - thicker
286
External elastic lamina in a vein versus an artery
Vein - contains none/ artery- contains
287
Tunica external in a vein versus an artery
Vein - thicker/ artery - thinner
288
Vasa vasorum in a vein versus an artery
Vein - more/ artery -less
289
Capillary differences
One layer of epithelium /no tunica external or tunica media
290
Veins vs arteries
Veins - contain valves, thinner tunica media, but thicker tunica external, diameter of tunica intima is larger
Arteries - thicker tunica media, thinner tunica external, diameter of tunica intima is smaller
291
Three types of arteries
-elastic
-muscular
-arterioles
292
Elastic arteries
-recoiling capacity due to elastic fibers (tunica media)
293
Elastic arteries examples
-arteries in the heart : aorta/pulmonary, brachiocephalic, subclavian
294
Muscular arteries
More smooth muscle, greater vascoconstriction and vasodilation, vascular tone, large internal elastic lamina
295
Vascular tone
Partial contraction of smooth muscles (muscular arteries)
296
Examples of muscular arteries
Brachial, anterior tibial, coronary and inferior mesenteric (around stomach)
297
Arterioles
Smallest, sympathetic innervation, less than six cell layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
Function: supply to tissue layer
298
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels, solely of tunica intima, exchange vessel of the body
299
Continuous capillaries
Membranes of endothelial cells form a continous tube
300
Location of continous capillaries
Muscles and the brain
301
Fenestrated capillaries
Many fenestrations (hole in endothelium layer)
302
Location of fenestration
Small intestine, kidney
303
Sinusoids capillaries
Wider, large fenestrations, incomplete or absent basement membrane, large intercellular clefts
304
Location of sinusoids capillaries
Bone marrow and liver
305
ductus Arteriosus becomes
Ligamentrium arteriosum
306
Foremen ovale becomes
Fossa ovalis
307
Ductus venosus becomes
Ligamentum venosum
308
Umbilical vein becomes
Ligamentum teres
309
Umbilical arteries become
Medial umbilical ligaments
310
Function of the lymphatic system
Transports fluids and helps fight infections
-stores excess interstitial fluid (lymph)
311
Lymph vessels transport
Dietary lipids
312
Lacteals
Absorb lipids in the intestine
313
Principle lymphatic trunks
-jugular trunks
-subclavian trunks
-bronchomediastinal trunks
-intestinal trunk
-lumbar trunk
314
Lymph passes from lymphatic capillaries into
Lymphatic vessels
315
From lymphatic vessels they travel then through
Lymph nodes
316
Lymph nodes/lymphatic vessels unite to form
Lymph trunks
317
Jugular trunks
The head and neck
318
Subclavian trunks
Upper limbs, breasts and superficial thoracic wall
319
Bronchomediastinal trunks
Deep thoracic structures
320
Intestinal trunk
Most abdominal structures
321
Lumbar trunks
Lower limbs,abdominopelvic wall and pelvic organs
322
Lymphatic ducts form from the fusion of
Lymphatic trunks
323
Right lymphatic duct is deep to the _____ and returns lymph at the junction of the _____
1. Clavicle
2. Right subclavian and internal jugular veins
324
Right lymphatic duct
Returns lymph from the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb and right side of thorax
325
Thoracic duct
Largest lymphatic vessel
-collects from most of body except right lymphatic duct drainage
326
Macrophages
Engulf foreign substances, present antigens to other lymphoid cells
-phagocytosis
327
Nurse cells (special epithelial cells)
Secretory cells in the thymus
328
Dendritic cells
Internalize antigens and present them to lymphocytes
329
Lymphocytes
Most abundant lymphoid cells
330
Three types of lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
Natural killer
331
T-cells
Destroy virally infected cells and cancer cells
332
B-cells
Produce antibodies against bacteria
333
NK cells
Destroy cancer cells
334
Thymus
-site of T-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation
-stores maturing lymphocytes
335
Where is the thymus located in adults
Superior mediastinum
336
Where is the thymus located in children
Anterior and superior mediastinum
337
Lymph nodes
Filter lymph, mount immune responses
Located: throughout body
338
Spleen
-filters blood and recycles RBC and platelets
-blood reservoir
-houses lymphocytes
-immune responses
339
Spleen location
Left upper quadrant of abdomen
-9th to 11th ribs
340
Cortex of thymus
Immature T cells migrate from red bone marrow
-where T cells proliferate and mature
341
What cells does the cortex contain
Immature T-lymphocytes, nurse cells and macrophages
342
Nurse cells secrete
Thymus hormones
343
The medulla (thymus) contains
Mature T-lymphocytes and epithelial cells
344
Trabeculae
Divide a lymph node into compartments
345
Stroma of lymph node
346
Red pulp surrounds each cluster of
White pulp
347
Parenchyma is made up of
White pulp and red pulp
348
White pulp
T and B lymphocytes, and macrophages
-immune responses
349
Red pulp
Blood filled venous sinuses
-removes defective blood cells and platelets
-stores platelets
-produces RBC during fetal life
350
Aqueous humor
Removes waste products and helps maintain chemical enviroment
-secretes into posterior chamber
351
Scleral venous sinus
Found between cornea and sclera
-resorted aqueous humor to the veins that drain the eye
352
Vitreous humor
Fills space between the lens and retina
-maintains eye shape, support retina and transmits light from lens onto the retina
353
Hyaloid canal
Found within vitreous humor, remnant of embryonic blood vessels
354
Amacrine cells
Process and integrate visual information
355
Ganglion cells
Innermost layer in neural layer
-neuronal convergence between bipolar cells
