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Earth 122 > Chapter 15: energy > Flashcards

Chapter 15: energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mackenzie valley gas project?

A

a proposal to develop three major gas fields in the mackenzie delta, NWT.

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2
Q

examples of fossil fuels?

A

oil , natural gas, coal, oil shale, tar sands

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3
Q

what are fuels?

A

energy stored in chemical bonds of ancient organic life.

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4
Q

What is electricity?

A

A secondary form of energy that is easier to transfer than fossil fuels

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5
Q

When are fossil fuels produced?

A

when organic materials are broken down in anearobic(little to no oxygen) environments. occurs at the bottom of deep lakes, swamps, and shallow seas

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6
Q

what nation has the most coal?

A

USA

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7
Q

Net energy =

A

Energy returned - energy invested

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8
Q

what is coal?

A

organic plant and animal matter that was compressed under very high pressure to form dense carbon structures

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9
Q

What is the least compressed and most compressed (more energy) coals called?

A

Lignite LLLeast compressed

Anthracite most compressed

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10
Q

how does peat differ from coal?

A

peat remains wet when broken down, not well compressed

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11
Q

What impurities does coal contain

A

sulfur, mercury, arsenic, and other tracd materials.

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12
Q

What does the sulfur content of coal depend on?

A

whether it was formed in saltwater or fresh water

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13
Q

what are oil and natural gas mainly formed from?

A

plankton, including algae and bacteria

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14
Q

What does natural gas consist of?

A

Methane(ch4), varying amounts of other volatile hydrocarbons

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15
Q

How much of the worlds energy is from natural gases?

A

25%

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16
Q

How much longer are the worlds natural gases expected to last for?

A

only 60 yrs

17
Q

What is kerogen?

A

A precursor to oil, created at shallow depths by bacterial anearobic decomposition of organic matter

18
Q

What is coalbed methane

A

methane from coal seams, leaks to atmosphere during mining

19
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hundreds of different types of hydrocarbon molecules. Formed 1.5-3 km underground from dead organic material buried in marine sediments

20
Q

whats the mosr abundant fossil fuel?

A

coal

21
Q

what is the precursor to coal?

A

peat

22
Q

subsurface mining

A

Involves digging deep into the ground, and networks of tunnels are dug or blasted out to follow coal seams

23
Q

strip mining

A

heavy machinery removes earth in long, horizontal strips to expose seams and extract coal. pits are refilled with the soil that was removed.

24
Q

Acid drainage

A

when sulfide minerals in newly exposed rock surfaces react with oxygen and rain water to produce sulphuric acid. The acid runs off and leaches toxic metals from the rocks.

25
Q

Why is strip mining harmful?

A
  • health hazards for miners

- acid drainage which affects terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

26
Q

What is a turbine?

A

a rotating device that converts the kinetic energy of a moving substance, such as steam, into mechanical energy

27
Q

What do clean coal technologies do?

A

focus on ridding the toxic chemicals of coal

28
Q

when is natural “gas” a liquid?

A

at ambient pressures and temperature in subsurface reservoirs

29
Q

what is technically recoverable oil?

A

oil that can be extracted with current technology

30
Q

what are procen recoverable reserves

A

oil that is technologically and economically feasible to remove under current conditions

31
Q

What is secondary extraction of oil?

A

when solvents or water is used to remove additional oil after primary extraction, can be expensive

32
Q

exploratory drilling

A

the drilling of small deep holes to determine where extraction of oil should be done

33
Q

What is fracking(hydraulic fracturing)?

A

pumping fluid under high pressures into rocks to crack them and extract natural gas, can cause earth quakes

34
Q

Hubberts peak

A

predicted that US oil production would peak around 1970, accurate

35
Q

What are oil sands/tar sands?

A

Sand with deposits of 1-2% of bitumen, which is a thick form of carbon rich petroleum. Removed through strip mining.

36
Q

What is oil shale?

A

Sedimentary rock filled with kerogen that can be processed to make liquid petroleum.

37
Q

what is methane hydrate/ice?

A

Molecules of methan in chrystal lattices of water ice molecules, occurs in arctic locations and under sea floor

38
Q

What is COGENERATION

A

When excess heat produced during electrical generation is used to heat buildings and produce other types of power (more efficent)

Earth 122 (15 decks)

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