Chapter 15: energy

Question 1

What is the mackenzie valley gas project?

Answer 1

a proposal to develop three major gas fields in the mackenzie delta, NWT.

Question 2

examples of fossil fuels?

Answer 2

oil , natural gas, coal, oil shale, tar sands

Question 3

what are fuels?

Answer 3

energy stored in chemical bonds of ancient organic life.

Question 4

What is electricity?

Answer 4

A secondary form of energy that is easier to transfer than fossil fuels

Question 5

When are fossil fuels produced?

Answer 5

when organic materials are broken down in anearobic(little to no oxygen) environments. occurs at the bottom of deep lakes, swamps, and shallow seas

Question 6

what nation has the most coal?

Answer 6

USA

Question 7

Net energy =

Answer 7

Energy returned - energy invested

Question 8

what is coal?

Answer 8

organic plant and animal matter that was compressed under very high pressure to form dense carbon structures

Question 9

What is the least compressed and most compressed (more energy) coals called?

Answer 9

Lignite LLLeast compressed

Anthracite most compressed

Question 10

how does peat differ from coal?

Answer 10

peat remains wet when broken down, not well compressed

Question 11

What impurities does coal contain

Answer 11

sulfur, mercury, arsenic, and other tracd materials.

Question 12

What does the sulfur content of coal depend on?

Answer 12

whether it was formed in saltwater or fresh water

Question 13

what are oil and natural gas mainly formed from?

Answer 13

plankton, including algae and bacteria

Question 14

What does natural gas consist of?

Answer 14

Methane(ch4), varying amounts of other volatile hydrocarbons

Question 15

How much of the worlds energy is from natural gases?

Answer 15

25%

Question 16

How much longer are the worlds natural gases expected to last for?

Answer 16

only 60 yrs

Question 17

What is kerogen?

Answer 17

A precursor to oil, created at shallow depths by bacterial anearobic decomposition of organic matter

Question 18

What is coalbed methane

Answer 18

methane from coal seams, leaks to atmosphere during mining

Question 19

What is crude oil?

Answer 19

A mixture of hundreds of different types of hydrocarbon molecules. Formed 1.5-3 km underground from dead organic material buried in marine sediments

Question 20

whats the mosr abundant fossil fuel?

Answer 20

coal

Question 21

what is the precursor to coal?

Answer 21

peat

Question 22

subsurface mining

Answer 22

Involves digging deep into the ground, and networks of tunnels are dug or blasted out to follow coal seams

Question 23

strip mining

Answer 23

heavy machinery removes earth in long, horizontal strips to expose seams and extract coal. pits are refilled with the soil that was removed.

Question 24

Acid drainage

Answer 24

when sulfide minerals in newly exposed rock surfaces react with oxygen and rain water to produce sulphuric acid. The acid runs off and leaches toxic metals from the rocks.

Question 25

Why is strip mining harmful?

Answer 25

- health hazards for miners | - acid drainage which affects terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

Question 26

What is a turbine?

Answer 26

a rotating device that converts the kinetic energy of a moving substance, such as steam, into mechanical energy

Question 27

What do clean coal technologies do?

Answer 27

focus on ridding the toxic chemicals of coal

Question 28

when is natural "gas" a liquid?

Answer 28

at ambient pressures and temperature in subsurface reservoirs

Question 29

what is technically recoverable oil?

Answer 29

oil that can be extracted with current technology

Question 30

what are procen recoverable reserves

Answer 30

oil that is technologically and economically feasible to remove under current conditions

Question 31

What is secondary extraction of oil?

Answer 31

when solvents or water is used to remove additional oil after primary extraction, can be expensive

Question 32

exploratory drilling

Answer 32

the drilling of small deep holes to determine where extraction of oil should be done

Question 33

What is fracking(hydraulic fracturing)?

Answer 33

pumping fluid under high pressures into rocks to crack them and extract natural gas, can cause earth quakes

Question 34

Hubberts peak

Answer 34

predicted that US oil production would peak around 1970, accurate

Question 35

What are oil sands/tar sands?

Answer 35

Sand with deposits of 1-2% of bitumen, which is a thick form of carbon rich petroleum. Removed through strip mining.

Question 36

What is oil shale?

Answer 36

Sedimentary rock filled with kerogen that can be processed to make liquid petroleum.

Question 37

what is methane hydrate/ice?

Answer 37

Molecules of methan in chrystal lattices of water ice molecules, occurs in arctic locations and under sea floor

Question 38

What is COGENERATION

Answer 38

When excess heat produced during electrical generation is used to heat buildings and produce other types of power (more efficent)