Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Chapter 16-17: Nerve Tracts and the Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 16-17: Nerve Tracts and the Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the two types of pathways?

A

ascending –>conduct sensory impulses to brain

descending –>conduct motor impulses from brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sensory and Motor pathways vary in complexity. what are the different orders for sensory? describe them

A

first order neuron = sensory info to CNS
second order = receives impulse from first; spinal cord or brain stem
third order = carries signal from thalamus to cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two somatic pathways?

A

upper motor neuron = in CNS

lower motor neurons = from CNS to effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three autonomic motor pathways?

A

upper motor neuron = in CNS
Preganglionic neuron = from CNS to peripheral ganglion
Postganglionic neuron = from ganglion to effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three Ascending Pathways?

A

Posterior Column Pathway
Spinothalamic Pathway
Spinocerebellar Pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe Posterior Column Pathway

A

sides cross in medulla

  • sensory impulses from skin, muscles, tendons & joints
  • perceived as fine touch, pressure & body position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe Spinothalamic pathway

A 
sides cross in spinal cord 
lateral tract
-sensation of pain and temperature 
anterior tract
-sensation of crude touch and pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe Spinocerebellar Pathway

A

-anterior tract (sides cross in spinal cord)
-posterior tract (do not cross over)
-proprioception for fine coordination
-no synapse in thalamus
(Never makes it to cortex)
(subconscious processing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three descending pathways?

A

Corticospinal Pathway
Medial Pathway
Lateral Pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe Corticospinal pathway

A
  • controls voluntary movements
  • generally direct
  • upper motor neurons synapse onto lower motor neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three tracts in the Corticospinal pathway? describe them

A
  1. ) corticobulbar tract
    - motor cranial nerves
  2. ) lateral corticospinal tract
    - motor spinal nerves
    - crosses over in medulla
  3. ) anterior corticospinal tracts
    - motor spinal nerves
    - does not cross-over
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the Medial pathway do?

A

stimulate & inhibit same lower motor neurons as corticospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three tracts in the Medial pathway?

A

1.) vestibulospinal tracts
-position & movement of head
2.) tectospinal tracts
-reflexive head movements
3.) reticulospinal tracts
gross movements & muscle tone of trunk and proximal limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the Lateral pathway do?

A
  • muscle tone & precise movements of distal upper limb

- stimulate & inhibit same lower motor neurons as corticospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the tract called that is located in the Lateral pathway? describe it

A

rubrospinal tracts

  • start in red nucleus–> cross-over
  • extend to cervical region of spinal cord
  • skeletal muscles of distal upper limb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Slide 16 for tree diagram of Descending Pathways

A

:)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the Autonomic nervous system (3)

A
  1. ) Functions continuously & independently
  2. ) No conscious effort needed
  3. ) Controls visceral activities
    - HR, BP, breathing rate, body temperature, response to stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Compare the Autonomic and Somatic NS

A

Autonomic NS:
The pathway usually consists of two neurons
-Results in an additional synapse
-May result in additional ganglia

Somatic NS:
usually has only one peripheral motor axon
-No peripheral synapsing or ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

For the Autonomic Nerve fibers, what are the two neurons? describe them

A

Preganglionic:

  • Soma in CNS
  • axon leaves CNS & forms synapse in autonomic ganglia

Postganglionic:
-Soma in autonomic ganglia; axon goes to visceral effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic NS. briefly state when they are used

A

Sympathetic: for stressful situations
Parasympathetic: restores body to restful state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Do the parasympathetic and sympathetic division work together or against each other? explain

A

May work together
-each controlling one stage in a sequence of events

Often work antagonistically

  • Cause different behaviors for different situations
  • Certain organs are only innervated by one division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the sympathetic division

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Preganglionic fibers originate from thoracic & upper lumbar region
  • T1-L2
  • Soma in CNS
23
Q

describe the preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division

Study These Flashcards
A 
exit CNS
join ventral root
travel with motor neurons in spinal nerve
leave spinal nerve
Enter sympathetic ganglia
24
Q

What are the sympathetic ganglia made up of?

Study These Flashcards
A

soma of postganglionic neurons

25
What are the two sympathetic ganglia? describe them
1. ) Chain Ganglia - A sequence of ganglia running parallel to spinal column on either side. 2. ) Collateral ganglia: - in other areas of body
26
How many and where are the sympathetic ganglia located on the vertebrae?
``` 3 cervical 12 thoracic 2-5 lumbar 4-5 sacral 1 coccygeal ``` *Fusion causes individual variability
27
The chain ganglion is innervated by presynaptic fibers from nerves ___-___ ONLY
T1-L2 ***NO cervical nerve input NO input from nerve L3 or inferior (slide 25)
28
Cervical, sacral, and many lumbar ganglia (are/are not) innervated by their corresponding spinal nerves. Explain if needed
are NOT. Thoracic nerves innervate cervical ganglia Thoracic nerves innervate thoracic ganglia ONLY T12, L1 and L2 innervate the lumbar and sacral ganglia
29
______________ leave the spinal nerve and enter the _____ via the ________. Once there, one of three paths are taken. What are these three paths?
Preganglionic fibers; chain; white ramus 1. ) Synapse with the ganglia at the point where they enter 2. ) Travel through the chain to synapse with another ganglion in the chain 3. ) Pass through and go directly to collateral ganglia or a gland
30
Postganglionic fibers exit via the..... (2 things)
Exit via gray ramus to spinal nerve to the effector | Exit via sympathetic nerve to the effector
31
describe collateral ganglia
- Presynaptic fibers go straight through chain ganglion without synapsing - Synapse with postganglionic fibers in collateral ganglia - Postganglionic fibers usually go to abdominal viscera
32
What are the three major collateral ganglia?
Celiac Superior mesenteric Inferior mesenteric
33
what do the collateral ganglia do?
Deal for the most part with digestive processes
34
what is a Adrenal (suprarenal) medullae
a modified collateral ganglia that stimulates the production of the hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine (go directly into the blood)
35
for the Adrenal (suprarenal) medullae, describe the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers
Preganglionic fibers - go through both the chain and collateral ganglia to get to it - straight into the medulla of the adrenal gland Postganglionic fibers have been modified into glandular cells known as chromaffin cells (slide 34-35 for pictures)
36
describe sympathetic activation
1.) CNS stimulates preganglionic neurons: -always release ACh -on to a nicotinic receptor (stimulates postganglionic neurons or adrenal medulla) 2.) postganglionic neurons: -release NE on to an adrenergic receptor (stimulates target tissues)
37
What are the 5 effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
``` Increase alertness Energy & euphoria Excites cardiovascular & respiratory centers Increased muscle tone Mobilization of energy ```
38
summarize the sympathetic (6 things)
1. ) Preganglionic fiber is short; postganglionic is long 2. ) Synapsing occurs in sympathetic chain or collateral ganglia 3. ) Preganglionic fiber releases Ach 4. ) Postganglionic fiber releases NE 5. ) Prepares body for emergencies 6. ) Effects widespread & persistent
39
Where does the parasympathetic system originate and exit?
- Originates from neurons in midbrain, pons, medulla & sacral region of spinal cord - exit CNS via cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 & 10 and sacral nerves 2-4
40
For the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers, Cranial nerves III, VII, and IX go to _________________
ganglia near target organs | eyes and facial glands
41
For the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers, Cranial nerve X and S2-4....... (3)
- converge in a large autonomic plexus - Exit plexus and then to target organs - Heart, lungs, GI tract, urinary tract, sexual organs
42
describe the postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic
Usually very short Close to, or even within, target organs Effects of parasympathetic system are more focused and localized.
43
What are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system? (9)
``` Constrict pupils Stimulate secretion of digestive glands Secretion of hormones promoting nutrient absorption Increase motility of digestive tract Stimulate defecation Contraction of urinary bladder Constriction of respiratory passages Reduce HR & force of contraction Sexual arousal ```
44
describe parasympatheric activation
1.) CNS stimulates preganglionic neurons: -always release Ach -onto a nicotinic receptor (stimulates postganglionic neurons) 2.) Postganglionic neurons: -release Ach -onto a muscarinic receptor (stimulates target tissues)
45
3 important facts about parasympathetic activation
- All neurons (pre- and postganglionic) release Ach - Quickly ‘cleaned up’ after release by Acetylcholinesterase. - Short lived effects that are localized
46
Summarize the parasympathetic (4)
- Presynaptic neurons are long & secrete Ach - Postsynaptic neurons are short, produce Ach; either excitatory or inhibitory - Innervate organs in head & abdominal pelvic region - All ganglia in or near targets
47
what does dual innervation mean?
Most organs receive innervation from both divisions
48
in the cranial area, where do both divisions receive innervation? and via what ganglia?
Sympathetic reaches via chain ganglia | Parasympathetic reaches via cranial ganglia
49
in the Thoracic & abdominal region, where do both divisions receive innervation?
Sympathetic & parasympathetic mingle at plexuses Examples: Cardiac plexus Esophageal plexus
50
describe visceral reflexes (3)
Simple functional units of the ANS Provide an autonomic motor response Common for digestive system
51
What are the two types of visceral reflexes?
Long reflexes: go to the CNS for processing | Short reflexes: are processed in the autonomic ganglion
52
There are many autonomic control centers in the_____
medulla
53
the hypothalamus regulates______
body temperature
54
______________control ANS when ______________
Limbic system and cerebral cortex; person is stressed

Anatomy (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions