Chapter 24: Respiratory System Flashcards by Krista Kowiak

what does the respiratory system consist of?

1.) Upper respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, & pharynx
Filter, warm, & humidify air and bring it to and from the…
2.) Lower respiratory system
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, &
Alveoli – gas exchange surface

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what are the functions of the respiratory system?

Extensive area for gas exchange
Move air to and from exchange surface
Protect exchange surfaces from damage
-dehydration, temperature, pathogens, etc.
Produce vocalization
Regulate blood volume, pH, pressure, etc.

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slides 4 and 5

idk wtf that is

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what are the parts of the external nose? (3)

) Cartilage
- lateral nasal
- major and minor alar
) Nasal bone
) External nares
- a.k.a. nostrils

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the external nose encloses the_________ which is protected by________.

nasal vestibule; hairs;

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The nasal vestibule opens into the __________ and is divided by the ____________

nasal cavity; nasal septum

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describe the nasal cavity

-Starts at nasal vestibule and ends at internal nares
-Divided in two by the nasal septum
(Ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage)
-Separated from oral cavity
(Hard palate/palatine and maxilla and Soft palate)
-Mucus membrane lining

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describe the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

Superior region
All areas with olfactory receptors
Cribiform plate, superior nasal conchae, superior septum

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describe the conchae region of the nasal cavity

-Three projections of bone on each side
(Superior/middle/inferior)
-Ethmoid and inferior nasal concha bone

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Grooves in between conchae are called what?

meatuses

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what are the functions of conchae?

Divide cavity into passages
Support mucous membranes
Increase surface area
Increase turbulence
(Filters out airborne particles)

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what are sinuses?

Air-filled sacs within cranial bones
(Maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid)
They are lined with mucous membranes

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sinuses open into____

nasal cavity

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what are the functions of sinuses?

Decrease weight of skull
Produce mucus
Resonant chambers

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the shared passageway for respiratory & digestive system is known as what?

the throat

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what are the three pharynges? describe where they are

Nasopharynx
-above uvula &amp; posterior to internal nares
Oropharynx
-portion visible in a mirror
Larynopharynx
-between hyoid &amp; esophagus

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what are the functions of the pharynx/throat?

passage for food
passage for air
sound production

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what are the four layers of the respiratory tree?

1.) Mucosa
goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2.) Submucosa
areolar CT + serous & mucous glands
3.) Hyaline cartilage
4.) Trachealis muscle
transverse & longitudinal smooth muscle
More muscle as one moves closer to the lungs

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what is the larynx?

an enlargement in airway at top of trachea & below pharynx

what does the larynx do? (3)

-routes air & food to proper channels
-surrounds & protects glottis
(opening into larynx)
-houses vocal cords

the composition of the larynx is made up of what?

muscles & cartilage held together by elastic tissue

what are the cartilages of the larynx? describe

Thyroid: Adam’s apple
Cricoid: supports posterior larynx
Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform: attach and control vocal cords
Epiglottis: projects into pharynx and covers glottis during swallowing

folds in mucous membrane are known as what?

vocal folds

describe Vestibular folds

false’ vocal cords
no sound production
muscles help close larynx during swallowing

describe vocal folds

True’ vocal cords | cause sound production

describe how speaking occurs

- Air pushed past vocal folds causes vibrations - pitch controlled by changing tension of cords - Tight = high - volume related to force of air over cords - More force = loud - oral cavity, lips & tongue change sound

what is the trachea?

a flexible tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi

describe the composition of the trachea

inner wall - ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells - beat continuously - expel mucous loaded with debris - 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

what are the functions of the trachea? (3)

- Filter and direct incoming air - Cartilage rings prevent collapsing (but are still flexible) - Soft tissue in back allows esophagus to expand

the bronchi split at the _____

carina

bronchi enter the lungs at the______

hilus

bronchi subdivide into smaller & smaller branches. what are these branches?

Primary Secondary Tertiary Bronchioles

how is the right bronchus different from the left?

- Is wider, shorter & straighter - Divides into three parts; one for each lobe (left only has two) - The superior one divides very early

describe bronchioles

Tertiary bronchi branch many times Eventually form 6500 terminal bronchioles Smooth muscle dominant and little cartilage -Bronchodialation (SNS) -Bronchoconstriction (PSNS) Terminal bronchioles branch into respriatory lobules -50-80 per lobule -Branch into alveolar ducts

______________ lead to ___________ which contain several alveoli

Alveolar ducts; Alveolar Sacs

describe alveoli (3)

150 million per lung Each associated with a network of capillaries Abundance of elastic fibers

what do alveolus consist of?

``` Pneumocyte Type I cells Pneumocyte Type 2 cells Basal lamina Capillary network Connective tissue -Fibroblasts -->elastic & reticular fibers -Macrophages -->phagocytosis ```

describe Pneumocyte Type 1 cells

Simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange | moist lining aids diffusion across respiratory membrane

describe Pneumocyte Type 2 cells

No gas exchange Secrete pulmonary surfactant -Fluid will a lower cohesive force than water -Alveolar walls don’t stick to each other -Prevents collapse of alveoli

what membranes surround the lungs? whats inbetween?

Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity in between

describe the structure of the lungs

``` Apex and base Hilus (all vessels and bronchi enter here) Lobes -Left = 2 lobes -Right = 3 lobes -Fissures separate Lobes divide into lobules ```

how does breathing work?

- depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity - volume change leads to pressure change - when pressure changes, gases flow in to equalize pressure

what are the two phases in breathing?

inspiration | expiration

describe inspiration and what occurs in the lungs (6)

- diaphragm & external intercostals muscles contract - Thoracic cavity expands - Pressure in pleural cavity ↓ - Lungs expand into lower pressure area - Pressure in lungs ↓ - Air moves into lungs to equalize pressure

describe expiration (8)

- a passive process - muscles relax - Recoil shrinks thoracic cavity - Pressure in pleural cavity ↑ - Lungs are compressed - Pressure in lungs ↑ - Air moves out to equalize pressure - This is known as tidal expiration

describe forced expiration (6)

- Internal intercostals, external obliques, & abdominal recti muscles contract - Further shrinks thoracic cavity - Pressure in pleural cavity ↑ ↑ - Lungs are compressed - Pressure in lungs ↑ ↑ - Air moves out to equalize pressure