Chapter 24: Respiratory System Flashcards by Krista Kowiak

what does the respiratory system consist of?

1.) Upper respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, & pharynx
Filter, warm, & humidify air and bring it to and from the…
2.) Lower respiratory system
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, &
Alveoli – gas exchange surface

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what are the functions of the respiratory system?

Extensive area for gas exchange
Move air to and from exchange surface
Protect exchange surfaces from damage
-dehydration, temperature, pathogens, etc.
Produce vocalization
Regulate blood volume, pH, pressure, etc.

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slides 4 and 5

idk wtf that is

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what are the parts of the external nose? (3)

) Cartilage
- lateral nasal
- major and minor alar
) Nasal bone
) External nares
- a.k.a. nostrils

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the external nose encloses the_________ which is protected by________.

nasal vestibule; hairs;

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The nasal vestibule opens into the __________ and is divided by the ____________

nasal cavity; nasal septum

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describe the nasal cavity

-Starts at nasal vestibule and ends at internal nares
-Divided in two by the nasal septum
(Ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage)
-Separated from oral cavity
(Hard palate/palatine and maxilla and Soft palate)
-Mucus membrane lining

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describe the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

Superior region
All areas with olfactory receptors
Cribiform plate, superior nasal conchae, superior septum

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describe the conchae region of the nasal cavity

-Three projections of bone on each side
(Superior/middle/inferior)
-Ethmoid and inferior nasal concha bone

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Grooves in between conchae are called what?

meatuses

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what are the functions of conchae?

Divide cavity into passages
Support mucous membranes
Increase surface area
Increase turbulence
(Filters out airborne particles)

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what are sinuses?

Air-filled sacs within cranial bones
(Maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid)
They are lined with mucous membranes

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sinuses open into____

nasal cavity

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what are the functions of sinuses?

Decrease weight of skull
Produce mucus
Resonant chambers

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the shared passageway for respiratory & digestive system is known as what?

the throat

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what are the three pharynges? describe where they are

Nasopharynx
-above uvula &amp; posterior to internal nares
Oropharynx
-portion visible in a mirror
Larynopharynx
-between hyoid &amp; esophagus

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what are the functions of the pharynx/throat?

passage for food
passage for air
sound production

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what are the four layers of the respiratory tree?

1.) Mucosa
goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2.) Submucosa
areolar CT + serous & mucous glands
3.) Hyaline cartilage
4.) Trachealis muscle
transverse & longitudinal smooth muscle
More muscle as one moves closer to the lungs

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what is the larynx?

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an enlargement in airway at top of trachea & below pharynx

what does the larynx do? (3)

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-routes air & food to proper channels
-surrounds & protects glottis
(opening into larynx)
-houses vocal cords

the composition of the larynx is made up of what?

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muscles & cartilage held together by elastic tissue

what are the cartilages of the larynx? describe

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Thyroid: Adam’s apple
Cricoid: supports posterior larynx
Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform: attach and control vocal cords
Epiglottis: projects into pharynx and covers glottis during swallowing

folds in mucous membrane are known as what?

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vocal folds

describe Vestibular folds

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false’ vocal cords
no sound production
muscles help close larynx during swallowing

describe vocal folds

True’ vocal cords | cause sound production

describe how speaking occurs

- Air pushed past vocal folds causes vibrations - pitch controlled by changing tension of cords - Tight = high - volume related to force of air over cords - More force = loud - oral cavity, lips & tongue change sound

what is the trachea?

a flexible tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi

describe the composition of the trachea

inner wall - ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells - beat continuously - expel mucous loaded with debris - 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

what are the functions of the trachea? (3)

- Filter and direct incoming air - Cartilage rings prevent collapsing (but are still flexible) - Soft tissue in back allows esophagus to expand

the bronchi split at the _____

carina

bronchi enter the lungs at the______

hilus

bronchi subdivide into smaller & smaller branches. what are these branches?

Primary Secondary Tertiary Bronchioles

how is the right bronchus different from the left?

- Is wider, shorter & straighter - Divides into three parts; one for each lobe (left only has two) - The superior one divides very early

describe bronchioles

Tertiary bronchi branch many times Eventually form 6500 terminal bronchioles Smooth muscle dominant and little cartilage -Bronchodialation (SNS) -Bronchoconstriction (PSNS) Terminal bronchioles branch into respriatory lobules -50-80 per lobule -Branch into alveolar ducts

______________ lead to ___________ which contain several alveoli

Alveolar ducts; Alveolar Sacs

describe alveoli (3)

150 million per lung Each associated with a network of capillaries Abundance of elastic fibers

what do alveolus consist of?

``` Pneumocyte Type I cells Pneumocyte Type 2 cells Basal lamina Capillary network Connective tissue -Fibroblasts -->elastic & reticular fibers -Macrophages -->phagocytosis ```

describe Pneumocyte Type 1 cells

Simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange | moist lining aids diffusion across respiratory membrane

describe Pneumocyte Type 2 cells

No gas exchange Secrete pulmonary surfactant -Fluid will a lower cohesive force than water -Alveolar walls don’t stick to each other -Prevents collapse of alveoli

what membranes surround the lungs? whats inbetween?

Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity in between

describe the structure of the lungs

``` Apex and base Hilus (all vessels and bronchi enter here) Lobes -Left = 2 lobes -Right = 3 lobes -Fissures separate Lobes divide into lobules ```

how does breathing work?

- depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity - volume change leads to pressure change - when pressure changes, gases flow in to equalize pressure

what are the two phases in breathing?

inspiration | expiration

describe inspiration and what occurs in the lungs (6)

- diaphragm & external intercostals muscles contract - Thoracic cavity expands - Pressure in pleural cavity ↓ - Lungs expand into lower pressure area - Pressure in lungs ↓ - Air moves into lungs to equalize pressure

describe expiration (8)

- a passive process - muscles relax - Recoil shrinks thoracic cavity - Pressure in pleural cavity ↑ - Lungs are compressed - Pressure in lungs ↑ - Air moves out to equalize pressure - This is known as tidal expiration

describe forced expiration (6)

- Internal intercostals, external obliques, & abdominal recti muscles contract - Further shrinks thoracic cavity - Pressure in pleural cavity ↑ ↑ - Lungs are compressed - Pressure in lungs ↑ ↑ - Air moves out to equalize pressure

Chapter 24: Respiratory System Flashcards

(46 cards)