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Anatomy > Chapter 20: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Blood Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

how much blood is in the average human body?

A

5 L

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2
Q

What is blood?

what makes this up?

A

a connective tissue
cells which are also known as formed elements
matrix = plasma

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3
Q

what are the two basic functions of blood?

A
  1. ) Transport materials
    - Nutrients, oxygen
    - Metabolic wastes
    - Specialized cells that defend tissues
  2. ) Help maintain stable cellular environment
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4
Q

blood plasma is ___% of blood volume

A

55

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5
Q

what are the 3 functions of blood plasma?

A

Transport nutrients, gases & vitamins
Regulate fluid & electrolytes
Maintain pH

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6
Q

what is blood plasma composed of?

A

Water: 92%
Proteins: 7%
Solutes: 1%

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7
Q

blood plasma differs from interstitial fluid because blood has…. (3 things)

A

Greater O2 concentration
Reduced CO2 concentration
Significantly more dissolved proteins

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8
Q

what solutes are found in blood plasma?

A 
Waste: 
-urea 
-ammonia
Electrolytes: 
-Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, SO4-2
Organic nutrients:
-Lipids
-Glucose
-Amino acids
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9
Q

what are the three proteins found in blood plasma?

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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10
Q

describe Albumin

A 
60%
Smallest
Maintains osmotic pressure of blood
Controls blood volume
Transports fatty materials in blood
(Bilirubin, steroids, & lipids)
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11
Q

what are the two types of Globulins? describe them

A
  1. ) Immunoglobulins:
    - antibodies
  2. ) Transport globulins:
    - transport compounds by binding to them
    - This prevents them getting filtered out by kidneys
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12
Q

what percent of the blood plasma proteins does globulin make up?

A

35%

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13
Q

what percent of the blood plasma proteins does fibrinogen make up? What is fibrinogen responsible for?

A

4%

blood clotting

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14
Q

Without proteins, plasma is known as what?

A

serum

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15
Q

describe erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
40% of blood
Value known as hematocrit
99.9% of all formed elements

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16
Q

describe the structure of erythrocytes

A 
Biconcave disks
Thin central region
Thick outer region
Large surface area/volume ratio
Anucleate
(most organelles absent)
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17
Q

erythrocyte structure allows………

A

passage through capillaries

  • Forms rouleaux
  • flexible
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18
Q

describe hemoglobin and its structure

A 
280 million molecules/cell
95% of RBC proteins
Structure:
4 polypeptide subunits
One heme group per polypeptide
One iron (Fe) per heme group
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19
Q

What are the functions of hemoglobin?

A
  1. ) Each Fe carries one O2 molecule
    - Oxyhemoglobin is bright red
  2. ) The reaction is easily reversed
    - Deoxyhemoglobin is a deep red/maroon color
  3. ) CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin
    - Carbaminohemoglobin only accounts for 23% of blood CO2
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20
Q

White blood cells are known as…..

A

leukocytes

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21
Q

what are 3 functions of leukocytes?

Study These Flashcards
A

Defend against pathogens
Remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells
Do not function in circulatory system

22
Q

Leukocytes move into_______ from _________. This is know as what?

Study These Flashcards
A

tissues; blood vessels; diapedesis

23
Q

what are the two types of leukocytes? describe briefly the difference between the two

Study These Flashcards
A

Granulocytes: granular inclusions in cytoplasm
Agranulocytes: no visible granules

24
Q

What are the three granulocytes?

Study These Flashcards
A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

25
describe neutrophils
Granulocytes 60% of WBCs Lobed nucleus Very mobile
26
what are the functions of neutrophils?
- 1st defense against microorganisms - Phagocytic - Attract more neutrophils
27
describe eosinophils
Granulocytes Bi-lobed nucleus 2-4% of WBCs Red granules
28
what are the functions of eosinophils?
Attracted to injuries Phagocytize compounds bonded with antibodies Increase during allergic reactions
29
describe basophils
Granulocytes 1% of WBCs S-shaped nucleus Blue granules
30
what are the functions of basophils?
Release histamine -Inflammatory response -Attracts other WBCs Release anticoagulants
31
what are the two agranulocytes?
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
32
describe monocytes
Agranulocytes 2-8% of WBC’s Largest cells in blood
33
what are the functions of monocytes?
``` Phagocytize foreign material -Fuse to form osteoclasts -Form free and fixed macrophages Recruit more monocytes Attract fibroblasts ```
34
describe lymphocytes
``` Agranulocytes 20-30% of WBCs Mature in lymph organs Smallest Non-phagocytic ```
35
what are the functions of lymphocytes?
Specific immunity - Focus on a single pathogen - Produce antibodies - Destroy abnormal tissue
36
what are the three lymphocyte cells? | what does each do?
1.)T-Cells -Attack foreign cells directly 2.) B cells -Differentiate into plasmocytes that produce antibodies 3.) NK cells -Immune surveillance -Destruction of abnormal cells (Example: cancer cells)
37
platelets are known as....
thrombocytes
38
describe thrombocytes
Small, anucleate cell fragments From megakaryocytes Produce proteins for blood clotting Last for about 10-12 days
39
what is Hemostasis?
stopping the flow of blood
40
formation of a clot involves....
- Transport of important clotting agent - Formation of a temporary patch - Clot contraction
41
all blood cells are derived from__________
pluripotent stem cell
42
All cells except _______ are derived from the resulting _____________
lyphocytes; myeloid tissue
43
In adults, all new blood cells are produced in the _______________. What contributes while in utero?
bone marrow; Liver and spleen contribute while in utero, but eventually cease
44
describe Erythyropoiesis (6)
``` the formation of RBCs RBCs have no nucleus or mitochondria wear and tear with no repair RBCs last for about 120 days Replace about 1% per day 3 million RBCs replace per second! ```
45
describe leukopoiesis
just a lot.... slide 26
46
describe blood type (4 things)
- RBC plasmalemma (cell membrane) has surface antigens - These are usually glycoproteins or glycolipids - Are genetically determined (similar within ethnicities) - A, B, and Rh are used to determine blood type
47
your body will produce _______ for all the _____ you do not have
antibody, antigens
48
what are the two types of antigens people can have?
A and B
49
slide 29 and 30
yay for common sense :)
50
True or False: People who are Rh- are born having Rh antibodies
false: Rh- people will only produce antibodies when exposed to the Rh antigen
51
What could happen if a woman who is Rh- is pregnant with an Rh+ baby?
the first child will not be effected however an Rh- mother may reject a second Rh+ baby
52
slide 32
blood

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