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Anatomy > Chapter 25: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 25: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Digestion?

A

process whereby food is changed into a form that can be absorbed

  • breakdown of ingested food
  • absorption of nutrients into blood
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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

production of atp

anabolic and catabolic cellular activities

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3
Q

what makes up the Alimentary canal?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus

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4
Q

what are the accessory organs to the digestive system?

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

what are the four layers of the digestive tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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6
Q

the inner most layer of the digestive tract is what?

A

Mucosa

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7
Q

what are the three layers of the Mucosa?

A
  1. ) Mucosal epithelium
  2. ) Lamina propria
    - Blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymph vessels, M.A.L.T.
  3. ) Muscularis mucosa
    - Smooth muscle and elastic fibers
    - Two layers
    - Circular and longitudinal
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8
Q

the mucosa may have ______ to increase surface area

A

fold

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9
Q

the mucosa may also have glands that create what enzymes?

A

digestive and mucous enzymes

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10
Q

what are the functions of the mucosa?

A

protection

absorption & secretion

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11
Q

what is the submucosa made up of

A

loose CT, glands, BV, lymph vessels & nerves

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12
Q

what are the functions of the submucosa?

A

nourish surrounding tissues

carry away absorbed materials

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13
Q

describe the muscularis

A 
layers of visceral smooth muscle
inner = circular 
-decrease diameter when contracted
outer = longitudinal
-shorten tube when contract
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14
Q

describe the serosa

A

-A.k.a visceral peritoneum
-does not exist superior to the diaphragm
Instead there is adventitia
-epithelium & CT

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15
Q

what are the functions of the serosa?

A

protection

secrete serous fluid

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16
Q

the peritoneum is a ………

A

series of membranes in the abdominal cavity

  • Are continuous with one another
  • Peritoneal cavity in between
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17
Q

what are the two membranes of the peritoneum? where do they adhere?

A

Visceral
-Adheres directly to the internal organs
Parietal
-adheres to the abdominal wall

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18
Q

describe mesentaries

A

Sheets of peritoneum connected to organs
Access route for vessels and nerves
Stabilize position

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19
Q

what connects the stomach to the liver?

A

lesser omentum

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20
Q

describe the greater omentum

A

Starts at stomach
descends inferior
then ascends to form a pouch or “apron” (filled with adipose)
attaches to the colon

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21
Q

what attaches to the majority of the small intestine

A

mesentery proper

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22
Q

what attaches to the large intestine?

A

mesocolon

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23
Q

what do both the mesentery proper and the mesocolon allow for?

A

Both allow for nerves, BV, and lymphatics to connect to intestines

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24
Q

describe peristalsis

A 
Propels bolus (food) down the tract
Circular muscles contract first
-Prevents bolus from moving back
Longitudinal next
-Advances it down the tract
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25
describe segmentation
No net movement in any particular direction Goal is to fragment bolus Mostly circular muscle contractions
26
what are 5 functions of the mouth?
``` Mastication/Mixing Lubrication Speech Taste/evaluation Limited digestion ```
27
what are the 2 palates in the mouth? describe them
``` 1.) Hard palate Palatine bone on roof of mouth 2.) Soft Palate CT extension of the palate -->Uvula *Dangles at the end of the soft palate *Prevents food from going down prematurely ```
28
what do salivary glands produce? describe
Saliva - mucous + serous fluid - form food bolus - make salivary amylase - starch digestion - dissolve chemicals for taste
29
what are the three salivary glands
parotid sublingual submandibular
30
what is the function of having teeth?
mastication (mechanical breakdown)
31
what are the different types of teeth and what are they used for?
``` Incisors -cutting Cuspids (Canines) -tearing Bicuspids (premolars) -crushing & grinding Molars -crushing & grinding ```
32
what are the four tooth regions? describe
1. ) Crown - Exposed region of the tooth; covered in enamel 2. ) Root - Base; within host bone 3. ) Neck - boundary between root & crown 4. ) Gingiva - gums - gingival sulcus-->where gum & tooth meet
33
describe the two dental successions
1. ) Primary or Deciduous teeth - 20 total - incisors, cuspid, 1st & 2nd molars 2. ) Secondary or Permanent Teeth - 32 total - incisors, cuspid, 1st & 2nd bicuspid, 1st, 2nd & 3rd molars
34
describe the movement through the pharynx
is enabled by swallowing Bolus enters the Oropharynx Passes the laryngopharynx
35
swallowing is known as what?
deglutition
36
what are the three stages of swallowing?
buccal phase pharyngeal phase esophageal phase
37
describe the esophagus
Straight, collapsible tube | penetrates diaphragm through esophageal hiatus
38
what is the function of the esophagus
passageway for food; only to stomach
39
describe the unique histology of the esophagus
``` Mucosa -stratified squamous -large folds (expansion) Muscularis -skeletal muscle in superior regions Adventitia (no serosa) ```
40
what are the 5 functions of the stomach
``` storage mechanical breakdown -churning, mixing chemical breakdown of protein delivers chyme to small intestine Little absorption of nutrients -alcohol, aspirin, water ```
41
what are the 2 general shapes of the stomach and what are the four major regions?
``` General shape: -lesser curvature -greater curvature Major regions: -Cardia: meets esophagus -Fundus: superior region -Body: largest region -Pyloris: meets small intestine ```
42
describe the unique histology of the stomach
``` Mucosa -folded into rugae for expansion during a full stomach Muscularis -THREE muscle layers: *Outer: longitudinal *Middle: circular *Inner: oblique ```
43
what do gastric glands do?
make gastric juice
44
for the gastric glands what are the secretory cell types? describe them (3)
1. ) Parietal Cells - HCl (lowers pH) - Intrinsic factor (absorbs B12) 2. ) Chief Cells - Pepsinogen (Breaks down proteins) 3. ) Enteroendocrine cells - Secrete the hormone gastrin
45
True or False: the small intestine is a major digestive organ
true
46
what are the parts/regions of the small intestine? | describe them
``` Duodenum -25 cm -Digestive secretions from liver and pancreas Jejunum -2500 cm -Most digestion and absorption Ileum -3500 cm ```
47
what are the four functions of the small intestine?
completes digestion of chyme receives secretions from pancreas & liver absorbs products of digestion (majority of absorption) transports remaining residue to large intestin
48
three things contribute to increasing the surface area of the small intestine. What are they and describe them
1. ) Plicae circulares - Folds in lining 2. ) Intestinal villi - Fingerlike projections of mucosa 3. ) Microvilli - Fingerlike extensions of cell membranes
49
what are the functions of the large intestine?
``` NO digestive enzymes NO nutrient absorption Bacteria here digest remaining nutrients (Remaining water & vitamins K & B absorbed) Remaining materials: -defecated as feces -Slow, infrequent peristalsis -Enabled by mucus production ```
50
what are the regions of the large intestine? describe them
slide 34-36
51
what are the 6 functions of the liver?
1. ) Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism - synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids & cholesterol - converts carbohydrates & proteins to fat 2. ) protein metabolism - make blood proteins 3. ) Storage - glycogen, vitamins, iron 4. ) blood filtering 5. ) detoxification 6. ) secretes bile
52
the liver is divided into lobes by the what?
falciform ligament
53
___________attaches liver to diaphragm
coronary ligament
54
the largest lobe is the________
right
55
describe hepatic lobules
``` Functional unit Hepatocytes around central vein -remove toxins -produce bile Hepatic sinusoids -vascular channels -receive blood from portal veins Kupffer cells fixed macrophages ```
56
where is the gallbladder located?
the inferior surface of the liver
57
what is the function of the gallbladder?
store bile concentrate bile by reabsorbing water release bile into duodenum
58
slide 41
flow chart on flow charts
59
Pancreatic juice goes into the duodenum via......
Pancreatic duct | Hepatopancreatic sphincter
60
pancreatic juice is produced by......
pancreatic acini
61
pancreatic juice is composed of what?
``` Pancreatic amylase: starch Proteinases & trypsin: protein Lipase: fat Nucleases: nucleic acids Alkalines: neutralizes acidic chyme ```

Anatomy (23 decks)

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