Chapter 8: articulations Flashcards by Krista Kowiak

what do joints do?

Joints hold bones together but MAY permit movement

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what are the three points of contact?

between 2 bones
between cartilage and bone
between teeth and bones

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what is arthrology?

the study of joints

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what is Kinesiology?

the study of motion

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what are the three classifications of joints? briefly describe them (based on movement)

Synarthrosis = immovable
Amphiarthrosis = slightly moveable
Diarthrosis = freely moveable

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what are the three classifications of joints? (based on anatomy)

Fibrous (collagen fibers)
Cartilaginous (cartilage)
Synovial (joint capsule & accessory ligaments)

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describe fibrous joints

Lack a synovial cavity
Bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
Little or no movement (synarthroses or amphiarthroses)

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what are the three structural types of fibrous joints?

sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses

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what is a suture?

are sutures moveable?

Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull
No they are immovable (synarthrosis)

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if sutures fuse completely in adults this is known as what?

synostosis

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describe syndesmoses

whats an example?

Fibrous joint 
bones united by ligament 
Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)

example: Anterior tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane

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describe gomphoses

Ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket
Immovable (synarthrosis)
Teeth in alveolar processes of maxillae or mandible

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describe cartilage joints

Lacks a synovial cavity
Allows little or no movement
Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

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what are the two types of cartilage joints?

synchondroses

symphyses

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describe synchondroses and give an example

Connecting material is hyaline cartilage
Immovable (synarthrosis)
example is Epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum

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describe symphyses and give an example

Fibrocartilage is connecting material
Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
example is Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

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What are two features of synovial joints?

1) 2 bones separated by fluid-filled cavity
2) Joint capsule has 2 layers
- synovial membrane
- articular cartilage

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what are the components of synovial fluid?

blood filtrate
hyaluronic acid
glycoproteins

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what are the functions of synovial fluid?

lubricate joint surface
nourish chondrocytes
shock absorber

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what two things do ligaments do?

reinforce & strengthen joint capsule

Connect bone to bone with dense regular CT

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what are the two types of ligaments? where is each located and give an example of each

extracapsular ligaments:
outside joint capsule
Collaterals (ex. TCL)

intracapsular ligaments:
within capsule
Cruciates (ex. ACL)

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what are articular disks? give an example

Pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivide a cavity

Ex: ulnolunate joint; knee joint

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articular disks are also known as what?

Menisci

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what are the functions of articular disks?

Channel flow of synovial fluid
Modify articular surfaces
Restrict movements at joint
Cushion articulating surfaces
Help distribute body weight

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what are fat pads? give an example

Adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule | Ex: tibiofemoral joint

what are the functions of fat pads?

Protect articular cartilage Packing material Fills spaces when joint changes shape

what are bursae?

small, fluid filled pockets of connective tissue

what is the function of bursae?

cushion and support, aid movement of tendons

where is bursae located?

hypodermis; between tendons/ ligaments & bones

describe gliding movement

Two opposing surfaces slide past one another

describe angular movement

A change in angle between the shaft and the articular surface

describe circumduction movement

A type of angular motion | Rotation of the shaft while changing the angle

describe rotation

Spinning of the shaft without changing the angle

what are the five types of angular movement?

``` Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension Hyperextension ```

what are the two types of rotation?

supination | pronation

slides 27 and 28 for other special movements

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synovial joints are trade off between flexibility and stability because.......

Shape of articulating surfaces Tightness of ligaments Presence of accessory ligaments Other factors: other bones, muscles or fat pads

what are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket

describe a plane joint and give an example

``` Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved Side to side movement only Rotation prevented by ligaments Examples: intercarpal or intertarsal joints sternoclavicular joint vertebrocostal joints ```

describe a hinge joint and give an example

Convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2nd bone Uniaxial like a door hinge Examples: Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints

what types of motion do hinge joints allow?

``` flexion = decreasing the joint angle extension = increasing the angle hyperextension = opening the joint beyond the anatomical position ```

describe a pivot joint and give an example

``` Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone & ligament Uniaxial since it allows only rotation around longitudinal axis Examples: Proximal radioulnar joint (supination) (pronation_ Atlanto-axial joint (turning head side to side “no”) ```

what happens in a condylar joint?

Oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression

condylar joints are biaxial... what does this mean? examples?

Biaxial = flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possible Examples: wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 to 5

how does a saddle joint work?

One bone saddled-shaped; other bone fits as a person would sitting in that saddle

is a saddle joint biaxial? describe

- Circumduction allows tip of thumb travel in circle | - Opposition allows tip of thumb to touch tip of other fingers

where is a saddle joint located?

trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb

how does a ball and socket joint work?

Ball fitting into a cuplike depression

is a ball and socket joint biaxial? describe

no it is Multiaxial - flexion/extension - abduction/adduction - rotation

what are some examples of a ball and socket joint?

shoulder joint and hip joint

describe the temporomandibular joint

Hinge joint between condylar process of mandible & mandibular fossa Condyles slide back & forth along joint socket 2 synovial joints

slide 37

what do intervertebral discs do?

Allows flexion, extension, lateral flexion & rotation

what are the two parts to the intervertebral disc?

``` Anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage) Nucleus pulposus (composed of 75% water, hyaluronic acid, reticular and elastic fibers) ```

what is a herniated disk?

- ‘slipped disc’ - Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus - Movements of vertebral column compresses nucleus

what is the glenohumeral joint?

Head of humerus meets glenoid cavity | shoulder joint

in the glenohumeral joint, the glenoid cavity is covered by glenoid labrum. What is this?

A ring of dense irregular connective tissue attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity

there are two joints that make up the elbow joint. what bones make up these joints and what motions do they allow?

``` 1.) Humerus and Ulna Hinge Flexion/extension 2.) Ulna and Radius Pivot Pronation/supination ```

What are the five wrist and hand joints?

``` radiocarpal intercarpal carpometacarpal metacarpophalangeal interphalangeal (look at slide 42-43 for all details) ```

for the hip joint, the _______ meets the ______ of the pelvis. The________ extends the size of the acetabulum

femoral head, acetabulum, labrum

The knee joint must do four things.... what are they?

Support body mass Have up to 160° motion Be unobstructed by muscle (like hip) Lack strong yet limiting ligaments (like ankle)

what are the two knee joints? describe their ROM

``` 1.) Tibiofemoral joint Hinge (Flexion/extension) (Some rotation-less stable than most hinge joints) 2.)Patellofemoral joint Plane (sliding) ```

the talocrural joint is the what joint? | what other joints are associated with this one?

ankle tibiotalar tibiofibular fibulotalar

what ROM does the ankle joint/s allow for?

dorsi/plantiflexion

what are the four joints in the foot? describe briefly

Intertarsal: plane joints between tarsals Tarsometatarsal: plane joints between tarsals and metatarsals Metatarsophalangeal: condylar joints between metatarsals and digits Interphalangeal: hinge joints in digits

Chapter 8: articulations Flashcards

(65 cards)