Chapter 16 Slides

Question 1

Concentration =

Answer 1

attention

Question 2

Concentration:

Answer 2

• the mental effort placed on sensory or mental events

- the person’s ability to exert deliberate mental effort on what is most important in a given situation

Question 3

What are the 4 components of concentration?

Answer 3

• focusing on relevant environment cues
• maintaining attentional focus
• situation awareness
• shifting attentional focus when necessary

Question 4

Selective attention:

Answer 4

selecting what cues to attend to and disregard

Question 5

Situation awareness:

Answer 5

the ability to understand what is going on around oneself (to size up a situation)

Question 6

Concentration is the ability to maintain ____ on relevant environmental cues.

Answer 6

focus

Question 7

When the environment changes rapidly, _____ _____ must also change rapidly.

Answer 7

attentional focus

Question 8

Thinking of the past or the future raises irrelevant cues that often lead to _______ _____.

Answer 8

performance errors

Question 9

Associative strategies are generally correlated with:

Answer 9

faster running performances

Question 10

Runners use both ____ and _____ strategies.

Answer 10

associative and dissociative

Question 11

Dissociation does not … but it can decrease ______ and _____.

Answer 11

• does not increase probability of injury

- fatigue and monotony

Question 12

Dissociation should be used by people who want to…

Answer 12

increase adherence to exercise

Question 13

Elite athlete peak performance is associated with:

Answer 13

• being absorbed in the present, having no thoughts about past or future
• being mentally relaxed and having a high degree of concentration and control
• being in a state of extraordinary awareness of both the body and the external environment

Question 14

Compare experts as compared to novice performers in attentional processing.

Answer 14

• make faster decisions and better anticipate future events
• attend more to movement patterns
• search more systematically for cues
• selectively attend to the structure inherent in sport
• are more skillful in predicting ball flight patterns

Question 15

Increases in emotional arousal narrows the _____ _____.

Answer 15

attentional field

Question 16

Give an example of arousal attentional narrowing.

Answer 16

losing sensitivity to cues in the peripheral visual field with increased emotional arousal

Question 17

Optimal performance comes when you focus on only:

Answer 17

the relevant cues in the athletic environment and eliminate distractions

Question 18

The ability to ______ ______ or ______ _______ is critical in performance environments.

Answer 18

• automatically process

- execute movements

Question 19

Name internal distractions.

Answer 19

• attending to past events
• attending to future events
• choking under pressure
• overanalysis of body mechanics
• fatigue
• inadequate motivation

Question 20

Name 4 interventions to help alleviate choking under pressure.

Answer 20

• imagery builds athletes’ confidence
• preshot routines help to keep athletes task-focused and relaxed
• secondary task focus helps athletes to focus on one task-relevant cue
• exposure to stressful situations allows athletes to feel more comfortable

Question 21

Self-talk:

Answer 21

any statement or thought about self

Question 22

Appropriate self-talk helps one…

Answer 22

focus on the present and keeps one’s mind from wandering

Question 23

What are the 3 types of self-talk?

Answer 23

• positive (motivational)
• negative
• instructional

Question 24

What are the 3 R’s of normal self talk?

Answer 24

• random
• reactive
• restrictive

Question 25

What are the 3 P's of quality self talk?

Answer 25

- present - process - productive

Question 26

What are the 4 categories of positive self-talk?

Answer 26

- psych up (power) - confidence (I can make it) - instruction (focus on technique) - anxiety control (calm down)

Question 27

Describe the self-talk and response for missing an important shot in a tennis match.

Answer 27

- self talk: keep your eye on the ball-this match isn't over" - better concentration, optimism, calm

Question 28

Performers who are able to think more ______ about negative stressful events are more successful.

Answer 28

positively

Question 29

Ironic processing:

Answer 29

trying not to perform a negative action inadvertently causes that event to occur

Question 30

Supportive coaching behaviours help produce more ______ and less ______ self talk.

Answer 30

- positive | - negative

Question 31

Negative punishment coaching behaviours help produce more ______ self talk and less ______ self talk.

Answer 31

- negative | - positive

Question 32

Name 6 uses of self talk.

Answer 32

- motivational - initiating action - sustaining effort - instructional - skill acquisition - breaking bad habits

Question 33

_____ self talk improves performance. Under certain conditions _____ self talk enhances performance as well.

Answer 33

- positive | - negative

Question 34

Consider ______ when looking at effects of positive and negative self talk on performance.

Answer 34

culture

Question 35

6 rules for creating effective self talk:

Answer 35

- Keep phrases short and specific - Use the first person and present tense - Construct positive phrases - Say your phrases with meaning and attention - Speak kindly to yourself - Repeat phrases often

Question 36

Name 3 techniques for improving self talk.

Answer 36

- thought stopping - changing negative self talk to positive self talk - combining self talk with self feedback

Question 37

Describe the thought stopping process.

Answer 37

- identify negative thoughts - stop the thoughts - focus on task-relevant thoughts

Question 38

A focused state of mind requires:

Answer 38

deliberate mental effort and intentionality

Question 39

Although skilled athletes can divide their attention between 2 or more concurrent actions, they can focus consciously on...

Answer 39

only one thought at a time

Question 40

During peak performance states, athletes’ minds are so focused that there is no difference between ______ and _______.

Answer 40

what they are thinking and what they are doing

Question 41

Athletes tend to lose their concentration when they pay attention to events and experiences that are...

Answer 41

- in the future - in the past - out of their control - otherwise irrelevant to the task.

Question 42

Excessive anxiety can undermine optimal performance by...

Answer 42

- having performers focus on inappropriate cues | - focus too much on conscious (as opposed to automatic) control of movement

Question 43

7 tips for improving concentration on site:

Answer 43

- use simulations in practice (practice with distractions) - use cue words to focus (instructional and motivational words) - employ nonjudgemental thinking - establish routines (before or during the event) - develop competition plans - practice eye contact - self-monitor - overlearn skills

Question 44

5 step approach to developing pre-performance routines:

Answer 44

- videotaping performance (both competition and practice) - clarifying behaviour meaning - developing focus and function for each behavioural component - routine construction and agreement - practice

Question 45

4 exercises for improving concentration:

Answer 45

- learn to shift attention - "park" thoughts - learn to maintain focus - search for relevant cues