Chapter 3 Slides Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
What is motivation?
A
- the direction and intensity of individual’s or group’s efforts
- Personality factors, social variables, and thoughts that occur while attempting to attain an evaluated task
- behavioural investment
2
Q
What are the 2 important factors for motivation?
A
- direction
- intensity
3
Q
Describe direction in motivation.
A
Are athletes motivated to achieve something (goals, winning) or avoid something (punishment, losing)?
4
Q
Describe intensity in motivation.
A
- effort
- arousal level
- time commitment
5
Q
Name 2 factors affecting motivation.
A
- personality
- situation
6
Q
How does personality affect motivation?
A
- motivational orientations
- attributions of success and failure
7
Q
How does situation affect motivation?
A
- motivational climate
- rewards
- punishments
8
Q
________ motivational orientation plays a huge role in performance.
A
individual
9
Q
What are the 3 orientations of motivation?
A
- success oriented
- failure oriented
- performance oriented
10
Q
Each orientation is influenced by…
A
perceived ability and how it is measured
11
Q
Describe someone who is success oriented.
A
- Outlook is positive and optimistic
- Attribute success to ability
- Effort is enough to win
- Prefer moderately difficult tasks
- Learning is sacrificed for
perception of competence - Failure increases effort
12
Q
Describe someone who is failure oriented.
A
- Outlook is negative and pessimistic
- Success is due to external reasons
- Effort fluctuates
- Prefer easy or hard tasks
- Failure leads to giving up or dropping out
13
Q
Describe someone who is performance oriented.
A
- Outlook is positive and optimistic
- Attribute success to high effort
- Effort is consistently high
- Focus is on learning and improvement
- Prefer very difficult tasks
- Failure leads to increased effort and re-evaluation
14
Q
Someone who is performance oriented would play to ….
A
play great
15
Q
Someone who is success oriented would play to ….
A
win
16
Q
Someone who is failure oriented would play to ….
A
not lose
17
Q
_____ oriented people would compete with themselves, and are ______ driven.
A
- performance oriented
- process
18
Q
_______ and _______ oriented people would compete with others, and are _____ driven.
A
- success and failure
- results
19
Q
______ oriented athletes are peak performers. How do they do this?
A
- performance
- give 100%
- set difficult goals
- persist in the face of failure
20
Q
Describe motivational climate.
A
- achievement environment
- normally established by the coach or leaders of a team
- can influence individual’s motivational style
21
Q
What are the 2 major types of motivational climate?
A
- performance
- outcome
22
Q
What are the 3 outlooks on motivation?
A
- trait-centred
- situation-centred
- interactional view of motivation
23
Q
Describe the trait-centred outlook on motivation.
A
motivated by personalities, needs and goals
24
Q
Describe the situation-centred outlook on motivation.
A
- state like
- situation primarily dictates athletes’ motivation level
25
Describe the interactional outlook on motivation.
the interaction between the person and the situation
26
Name some personal factors in the interactional outlook on motivation.
- personality
- needs
- interests
- goals
27
Name some situational factors in the interactional outlook on motivation.
- leader-coach style
- facility attractiveness
- team win-loss record
28
Name 5 steps to building motivation using the interactional view.
- both situations and traits motivate people
- multiple motives for participating
- change the environment to enhance motivation
- model appropriate behaviour (influence motivation)
- use behaviour modification to change undesirable motives and strengthen desired behaviours/motives
29
How can we change the environment to enhance motivation?
- Motivational climate (Competition and Recreation)
- Competitive engineering
- Adjust to individual (yell/pat-on-the-back decision)
30
What types of behaviour modification can be used?
reinforcing and punishing appropriately
31
What are the 4 motivation theories?
- need achievement theory
- attribution theory
- achievement goal theory
- competency motivation theory
32
Describe the pathway of the need achievement theory that leads to focus on pride of success.
motive to achieve success x probability of success = approach success --> focus on pride of success
33
Describe the pathway of the need achievement theory that leads to focus on shame of failure.
motive to avoid failure x incentive value of success = avoid failure --> focus on shame of failure
34
What is the behaviour associated with the first pathway of the need achievement theory that leads to focus on pride of success?
- seek out achievement situations
- look for challenges
- enhanced performance
35
What is the behaviour associated with the second pathway of the need achievement theory that leads to focus on shame of failure?
- avoid achievement situations
- avoid risk
- perform poorly
36
What are attributions?
reasons to explain success and failure
37
Name 3 attributions.
- locus of causality
- locus of control
- stability of attributions
38
What is locus of causality?
- Internal versus external to athlete
| - Examples: We lost because we did not play well vs. we lost because the referee made two terrible call
39
What is locus of control?
- Controllable versus uncontrollable
| - Examples: Weather, Court or facility conditions
40
What is stability of attributions?
stable over time vs. constantly changing
41
Describe the psychological result associated with stable attributions.
increased expectation of success
42
Describe the psychological result associated with internal cause attributions.
increased pride or shame
43
Describe the psychological result associated with attributions that are in one's control.
increased motivation
44
What is outcome goal orientation (competitive goal orientation)?
comparing performance with and defeating others
45
What is task (mastery) goal orientation?
improving relative to one's own past performances
46
What is social goal orientation?
judging competence in terms of affiliation with the groups and recognition of being liked by others
47
Compare outcome orientation vs. task orientation.
- Task Orientations are generally thought to be more helpful in sport and exercise
- Outcome orientations are thought to be less helpful
48
The achievement goal theory consists of:
- outcome goal orientation
- task (mastery) goal orientation
- social goal orientation
49
If expanded upon, achievement goal theory ties into the 3 motivational styles, which are:
- performance oriented
- success oriented
- failure oriented
50
Describe the competence motivation theory.
- People are motivated to feel worthy or competent.
| - Feelings of competence and worth, as well as perceptions of control, determine motives
51
What are the stages to developing achievement motivation and competitiveness?
1. autonomous competence stage (self comparison)
2. social comparison
3. integrated stage (self and social comparison)
52
What are the keys to developing achievement motivation and competitiveness?
- Recognize stage of achievement motivation
- Ultimate goal is the integrated stage
- Motivational climate influences achievement motivation
53
How can we recognize the interaction of personal and situational factors influencing achievement behaviour?
- Stage of achievement behavior
- Goal orientation
- Attributions
- Situations approached or avoided
54
Name 6 implications for professional practice.
- recognize the interaction of personal and situational factors influencing achievement behaviour
- Emphasize mastery (task) goals and downplay outcome goals. Create a mastery motivational climate
- Monitor and alter attributional feedback
- Monitor and correct inappropriate attributions
- Determine when competitive goals are appropriate
- Enhance feelings of competence and control
55
What are the advantages of being performance-oriented compared to success-oriented?
?
56
What are some situations where athletes are more likely to adopt a success-oriented motivational style because of situational factors?
?
57
What are some situations where athletes are more likely to adopt failure oriented motivational style because of situational factors?
?
