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KNSS 253: Sports Psychology > Chapter 2 Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Define personality.

A

The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique

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2
Q

What are the 3 structures of personality?

A
  • psychological core
  • typical responses
  • role related behaviour
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3
Q

Describe the role that heredity has on personality development.

A

Research on the nature-nurture controversy* indicates that about 50% of the variance in personality is inherited, thus setting limits on development.

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4
Q

Environment shapes at least __% of personality. What does this consist of?

A
  • 50%
  • Culture
  • Family
  • Group Membership
  • Life Experiences
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5
Q

What are the 4 approaches to studying personality?

A
  • Psychodynamic Approach
  • Trait Approach
  • Situation Approach
  • Interactional Approach
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6
Q

According to the psychodynamic approach, behaviour is determined by…

A

several unconscious, constantly changing factors that often conflict with one another.

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7
Q

According to the psychodynamic approach, conflict can lead to…

A
  • poor performance

- freeze up during execution a skill

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8
Q

In the psychodynamic approach, emphasis is placed on…

A

understanding the person as a whole rather than identifying isolated traits

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9
Q

Describe the current impact of the psychodynamic approach.

A
  • Has little influence

- hasn’t been adopted by most contemporary sport psychologists.

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10
Q

What is the weakness of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Focuses almost entirely on internal determinants of behavior, giving little attention to the social environment

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11
Q

Describe how the psychodynamic approach contributed to sport psych.

A

Has increased awareness that unconscious determinants of behavior exist

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12
Q

According to the trait approach, behaviour is determined by…

A

relatively stable traits that are fundamental units of personality

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13
Q

The trait approach believes that personality traits are ____ across a variety of situations.

A

consistent

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14
Q

The trait approach believes that behaviour comes from where?

A

Behaviour reside with the person – situational or environmental factors are minimal

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15
Q

Give an example of the trait approach.

A
  • Competitive athletes compete hard regardless of the opponent, score, officiating, etc.
  • These traits predispose one to act in a certain way, regardless of the situation
  • Predispositions does not mean that the athlete will always act in the same way – he is likely to act in the same way
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16
Q

Name the “big five” personality factors.

A
  • neuroticism
  • extraversion
  • conscientiousness
  • agreeableness
  • intellectual openness
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17
Q

What is perfectionism?

A

a multidimensional construct that consists of various components, including setting high standards, feeling concern over mistakes, and being highly organized

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18
Q

What can perfectionism lead to?

A

can lead to both highly positive and extremely negative consequences (maladaptive versus adaptive perfectionism)

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19
Q

Describe the current impact of the trait approach.

A

Has little influence and is somewhat embraced by many sport psychologists

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20
Q

What is the weakness of the trait approach?

A

Knowing traits will not always help predict behavior in particular situations

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21
Q

Describe how the trait approach contributed to sport psych.

A

Emphasizes the importance of traits and the measurement of such dispositions

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22
Q

According to the situational approach, behaviour is determined by…

A

determined largely by the situation or environment

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23
Q

According to the situational approach, ______ is more important determinants of behaviour than ______.

A

The situation is a more important determinant of behavior than particular personality traits

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24
Q

The situational approach is _________ by most sport psychologists.

A

not as widely embraced

25
Q

Give and example of the situational approach.

A

Act confident in one situation, tentative in another regardless of personality traits

26
Q

What approach is the “split personality”?

A

situational approach

27
Q

Describe the current impact of the situational approach.

A

has little infuence

28
Q

What is the weakness of the situational approach?

A

situation will not always influence individual behaviour

29
Q

Describe how the situational approach contributed to sport psych.

A

emphasizes the importance of the situation

30
Q

According to the interactional approach, behaviour is determined by…

A

both the person and the situational factors as well as by their interaction

31
Q

The majority of contemporary sport and exercise psychologists favour the______ approach.

A

interactional

32
Q

Describe the current impact of the interactional approach.

A
  • has considerable influence

- has been adopted by most contemporary sport psychologists

33
Q

What is the weakness of the interactional approach?

A

none

34
Q

Describe how the interactional approach contributed to sport psych.

A

Emphasizes the consideration of both trait and situational variables and their interaction

35
Q

According to the phenomenological approach, behaviour is determined by…

A

accounting for situational and personal characteristics

36
Q

What is critical in the phenomenological approach?

A

a person’s understanding and interpretation of one’s self and environment

37
Q

Describe the current impact of the phenomenological approach.

A
  • has considerable influence

- has been adopted by many contemporary sport psychologists

38
Q

What is the weakness of the phenomenological approach?

A

none

39
Q

Describe how the phenomenological approach contributed to sport psych.

A

Emphasizes the contribution of a person’s “interpretation” of one’s self and environment while considering both trait and situational variables and their interaction

40
Q

Name some personality differences that can exist between players.

A
  • introversion vs. extroversion
  • task orientation vs. feeling
  • type of focus
  • detail orientation vs. general orientation
41
Q

Describe introverts and give an example.

A
  • ex. Larry Bird
  • Pride themselves on self-control and focus
  • Avoid distractions
  • Don’t like to socialize about the game
  • play best in flat arousal levels
42
Q

Describe extroverts and give an example.

A
  • Magic Johnson
  • Enjoy mixing it up
  • Physical players
  • Thrive on the competitive aspect of the game (out working opponent)
  • Confrontational help or hinder play – great athletes know the difference
  • play best in energized arousal levels
43
Q

Describe detailers.

A
  • Specific and detailed in preparation and performance assessments – break game components down into specific elements
  • Can get too detailed or over prepared
  • Highlight differences
  • Focus on imperfections
  • Create & maintain order
  • Often introverts
44
Q

Describe generalizers.

A
  • Big Picture
  • Read the overall situation of the game but pass over or neglect detail
  • They just play
  • Random or chaotic pre-game routines and preparation
  • Often extroverts
45
Q

Should psychological or personality tests be used to determine to select athletes for a team?

A
  • no
  • Tests are not accurate enough to be predictive
  • Limited use
46
Q

Name 7 helpful guidelines for psych testing.

A
  • know the principles of testing and measurement error
  • know your limitations
  • do not use psychological tests for team or program selection
  • include explanation and feedback
  • assure confidentiality
  • take an intra individual approach
  • understand and assess specific personality components (psychological core)
47
Q

What does knowing the principles of testing and measurement error consist of in psych testing?

A
  • All tests have a measurement error
  • Validity is very important!
  • Not all tests are systematically developed or reliable
  • Humans tend to skew their responses
48
Q

What does knowing your limitations consist of in psych testing?

A

Not everyone can conduct or interpret a psychological test

49
Q

What does taking an intra-individual approach consist of in psych testing?

A

how a person feels relative to how they usually feel

50
Q

_______ strategies and _______ strategies are among the skills and behaviours that athletes use in competition.

A
  • cognitive

- mental

51
Q

______ strategies have been shown to be related to superior performance in elite sport.

A

cognitive

52
Q

Elite athletes show superior ability to…

A

cope with adversity ad mentally prepare compared to non elite athletes

53
Q

Name some strategies that can be used when there are hassles and distractions.

A
  • use adrenaline and anger as positives instead of letting them bring you down
  • let coaches or other personnel rectify the problem
54
Q

Name some strategies that can be used when there is a delay in start.

A

relax, think of anything and everything that makes you happy

55
Q

Name some strategies that can be used when there is loss of ideal focus in race run.

A
  • think of the course in sections and deal with a mistake as a mistake in the previous section when entering the new section. A refocusing occurs
  • think of and deal with the remainder of the course as previously rehearsed
56
Q

Name some strategies that can be used when there is a mistake in race run.

A
  • deal with the mistake as you would a loss of focus

- go for the future, not the past

57
Q

Name some strategies that can be used when there is poor performance in the first run.

A

think of the second run with a “nothing to lose” attitude

58
Q

Name some strategies that can be used when there is poor performance in the second run.

A
  • determine what went wrong and why
  • learn from the mistake, train, and see the mistake dissolve mentally and physically
  • make the poor performance a challenge to defeat
59
Q

Give 5 tips for understanding personality.

A
  • consider traits and situations
  • be informed as to the how’s and when’s of personality tests
  • communicate
  • observe
  • be knowledgeable regarding mental strategies

KNSS 253: Sports Psychology (19 decks)

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