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KNSS 253: Sports Psychology > Chapter 5 Textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 events of competition according to Martens?

A
  • objective competitive situation
  • subjective competitive situation
  • response
  • consequences
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2
Q

Describe objective competitive situation.

A

includes a standard for comparison and at least one other person

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3
Q

The primary thing that distinguishes a competitive situation from other comparison situations is that:

A

the criteria for comparison are known by at least one person who is in a position to evaluate the performance

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4
Q

Describe subjective competitive situation.

A

involves how the person perceives, accepts, and appraises the objective competitive situation

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5
Q

In an objective competitive situation, an individual’s performance is compared with…

A

some standard of excellence, in the presence of at least one other person who is aware of the criterion for comparison

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of competitive orientations?

A
  • competitiveness
  • win orientation
  • goal orientation
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7
Q

All 3 different types of competitive orientations represent different ______ outcomes of a ______ situation.

A
  • subjective

- competitive

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8
Q

What is competitiveness?

A

an enjoyment of competition and desire to strive for success in competitive sport settings

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9
Q

What is win orientation?

A

a focus on interpersonal comparison and winning in competition

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10
Q

In win orientation, it is more important to_____ than to ______.

A

more important to beat other competitors than to improve on personal standards

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11
Q

What is goal orientation?

A
  • a focus on personal performance standards

- goal to improve one’s own performance, not to win the competition

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12
Q

Consequences are usually seen as either _____ or _____.

A

positive or negative

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13
Q

Many people equate positive consequences with _____ and negative consequences with _____.

A
  • success

- failure

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14
Q

Describe Triplett’s cyclists.

A
  • racers showed varying performances when they raced alone, with a paper, or in competition with another racer
  • cyclists were faster when racing against or with another cyclist than when racing alone against the clock
  • face-to-face competition against fellow competitors was shown to potentially enhance performance
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15
Q

Describe Deutsch’s puzzles.

A
  • college students required to solve puzzle problems during a 5 week span using both competitive and cooperative instructions
  • students in competitive condition were told that a reward would be given
  • students in cooperative condition were told they would be evaluated by their group’s ranking in relation to other 4 groups
  • students in competitive group: self centred, efforts for beating others, closed communication, group conflict, mistrust
  • students in cooperative group: communicated openly, shared information, developed friendships, solved more puzzles
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16
Q

What is a implication from Deutsch’s study?

A

teams work together better when they have a common goal and when reaching that goal produces similar rewards for all participants

17
Q

We can see the potential negative effects of competition when we look at the relationship between ______ and ______.

A

competition and performance

18
Q

____ efforts appear to produce better performance than do ______ efforts when a performer has to work with another person to achieve a particular goal.

A
  • cooperative

- competitive

19
Q

Individuals may perform better when _____ _____ others than they would when simply performing the task alone.

A

competing against

20
Q

________ itself does not produce negative consequences; rather, it is the __________ that is counterproductive.

A
  • competition

- overemphasis on winning

21
Q

Appropriate competition has the following characteristics:

A
  • voluntary
  • importance of winning is not so high that it causes disabling stress
  • everyone must have a reasonable chance to win
  • the rules are clear and fair
  • relative progress can be monitored
22
Q

The definite dozen principles was developed by:

A

Pat Summitt

23
Q

Name the definite dozen principles.

A
  • respect yourself and others
  • take full responsibility
  • develop and demonstrate loyalty
  • learn to be a great communicator
  • discipline yourself so no one else has to
  • make hard work your passion
  • don’t just work hard, work smart
  • put the team before yourself
  • make winning an attitude
  • be a competitor
  • change is a must
  • handle success like you handle failure
24
Q

The preoccupation of winning sometimes leads to _____.

A

cheating

25
Q

Especially with youth sports ___________ becomes crucial in determining whether competition affects young athletes positively or negatively.

A

the quality of adult leadership by parents, coaches, and others

26
Q

Competitive sports offers positive benefits, including:

A
  • character development
  • discipline
  • teamwork
27
Q

Describe games with competitive means and competitive ends.

A
  • goal is to beat someone else or someone else from the outset to the end
  • ex. 100 yard race
28
Q

Describe games with cooperative means and competitive ends.

A
  • participants cooperate in their group but compete outside their group
  • ex. soccer, basketball, football, and hockey
29
Q

Describe games with individual means and individual ends.

A
  • one or more players pursue an individual goal without cooperative or competitive interaction
  • ex. cross-country skiing, calisthenics, swimming
30
Q

Describe games with cooperative means and individual ends.

A
  • individuals cooperate and help each other achieve their own goals
  • ex. 2 athletes can watch each other and provide feedback
31
Q

Describe games with cooperative means and cooperative ends.

A
  • players cooperate with each other from the outset to the end
  • modified volleyball (keep ball from hitting the floor for as long as possible)
32
Q

Orlick argued that our competitive sports and games have become:

A
  • rigid
  • judgemental
  • highly organized
  • excessively goal oriented
33
Q

Cooperation enhances:

A
  • enjoyment
  • communication
  • sharing of information
  • produces superior performance compared with competition
34
Q

One way to enhance both competition and cooperation is through the use of ________.

A

team building activities

35
Q

_____ _______ is a specific example of blending competition with cooperation to produce an optimal learning environment.

A

Special Olympics

36
Q

Name 5 general principles to implement a cooperative approach to learning.

A
  • maximize participation
  • maximize opportunities to learn sport and movement skills
  • do not keep score in games
  • give positive feedback
  • provide opportunities for youngsters to play different positions
37
Q

Give a specific example of rule modifications in volleyball that encourage cooperation.

A

the goal is to keep the ball from hitting the ground; each team still gets only 3 hits

38
Q

Give a specific example of rule modifications in soccer that encourage cooperation.

A

the ball should be passed to at least 5 different players before a shot on goal can be attempted

39
Q

Give a specific example of rule modifications in baseball that encourage cooperation.

A

no strikeouts or walks are allowed; every batter must hit the ball into fair territory to complete an at bat

KNSS 253: Sports Psychology (19 decks)

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