Chapter 5 Textbook

Question 1

What are the 4 events of competition according to Martens?

Answer 1

• objective competitive situation
• subjective competitive situation
• response
• consequences

Question 2

Describe objective competitive situation.

Answer 2

includes a standard for comparison and at least one other person

Question 3

The primary thing that distinguishes a competitive situation from other comparison situations is that:

Answer 3

the criteria for comparison are known by at least one person who is in a position to evaluate the performance

Question 4

Describe subjective competitive situation.

Answer 4

involves how the person perceives, accepts, and appraises the objective competitive situation

Question 5

In an objective competitive situation, an individual’s performance is compared with…

Answer 5

some standard of excellence, in the presence of at least one other person who is aware of the criterion for comparison

Question 6

What are the 3 types of competitive orientations?

Answer 6

• competitiveness
• win orientation
• goal orientation

Question 7

All 3 different types of competitive orientations represent different ______ outcomes of a ______ situation.

Answer 7

• subjective

- competitive

Question 8

What is competitiveness?

Answer 8

an enjoyment of competition and desire to strive for success in competitive sport settings

Question 9

What is win orientation?

Answer 9

a focus on interpersonal comparison and winning in competition

Question 10

In win orientation, it is more important to_____ than to ______.

Answer 10

more important to beat other competitors than to improve on personal standards

Question 11

What is goal orientation?

Answer 11

• a focus on personal performance standards

- goal to improve one’s own performance, not to win the competition

Question 12

Consequences are usually seen as either _____ or _____.

Answer 12

positive or negative

Question 13

Many people equate positive consequences with _____ and negative consequences with _____.

Answer 13

• success

- failure

Question 14

Describe Triplett’s cyclists.

Answer 14

• racers showed varying performances when they raced alone, with a paper, or in competition with another racer
• cyclists were faster when racing against or with another cyclist than when racing alone against the clock
• face-to-face competition against fellow competitors was shown to potentially enhance performance

Question 15

Describe Deutsch’s puzzles.

Answer 15

• college students required to solve puzzle problems during a 5 week span using both competitive and cooperative instructions
• students in competitive condition were told that a reward would be given
• students in cooperative condition were told they would be evaluated by their group’s ranking in relation to other 4 groups
• students in competitive group: self centred, efforts for beating others, closed communication, group conflict, mistrust
• students in cooperative group: communicated openly, shared information, developed friendships, solved more puzzles

Question 16

What is a implication from Deutsch’s study?

Answer 16

teams work together better when they have a common goal and when reaching that goal produces similar rewards for all participants

Question 17

We can see the potential negative effects of competition when we look at the relationship between ______ and ______.

Answer 17

competition and performance

Question 18

____ efforts appear to produce better performance than do ______ efforts when a performer has to work with another person to achieve a particular goal.

Answer 18

• cooperative

- competitive

Question 19

Individuals may perform better when _____ _____ others than they would when simply performing the task alone.

Answer 19

competing against

Question 20

________ itself does not produce negative consequences; rather, it is the __________ that is counterproductive.

Answer 20

• competition

- overemphasis on winning

Question 21

Appropriate competition has the following characteristics:

Answer 21

• voluntary
• importance of winning is not so high that it causes disabling stress
• everyone must have a reasonable chance to win
• the rules are clear and fair
• relative progress can be monitored

Question 22

The definite dozen principles was developed by:

Answer 22

Pat Summitt

Question 23

Name the definite dozen principles.

Answer 23

• respect yourself and others
• take full responsibility
• develop and demonstrate loyalty
• learn to be a great communicator
• discipline yourself so no one else has to
• make hard work your passion
• don’t just work hard, work smart
• put the team before yourself
• make winning an attitude
• be a competitor
• change is a must
• handle success like you handle failure

Question 24

The preoccupation of winning sometimes leads to _____.

Answer 24

cheating

Question 25

Especially with youth sports ___________ becomes crucial in determining whether competition affects young athletes positively or negatively.

Answer 25

the quality of adult leadership by parents, coaches, and others

Question 26

Competitive sports offers positive benefits, including:

Answer 26

- character development - discipline - teamwork

Question 27

Describe games with competitive means and competitive ends.

Answer 27

- goal is to beat someone else or someone else from the outset to the end - ex. 100 yard race

Question 28

Describe games with cooperative means and competitive ends.

Answer 28

- participants cooperate in their group but compete outside their group - ex. soccer, basketball, football, and hockey

Question 29

Describe games with individual means and individual ends.

Answer 29

- one or more players pursue an individual goal without cooperative or competitive interaction - ex. cross-country skiing, calisthenics, swimming

Question 30

Describe games with cooperative means and individual ends.

Answer 30

- individuals cooperate and help each other achieve their own goals - ex. 2 athletes can watch each other and provide feedback

Question 31

Describe games with cooperative means and cooperative ends.

Answer 31

- players cooperate with each other from the outset to the end - modified volleyball (keep ball from hitting the floor for as long as possible)

Question 32

Orlick argued that our competitive sports and games have become:

Answer 32

- rigid - judgemental - highly organized - excessively goal oriented

Question 33

Cooperation enhances:

Answer 33

- enjoyment - communication - sharing of information - produces superior performance compared with competition

Question 34

One way to enhance both competition and cooperation is through the use of ________.

Answer 34

team building activities

Question 35

_____ _______ is a specific example of blending competition with cooperation to produce an optimal learning environment.

Answer 35

Special Olympics

Question 36

Name 5 general principles to implement a cooperative approach to learning.

Answer 36

- maximize participation - maximize opportunities to learn sport and movement skills - do not keep score in games - give positive feedback - provide opportunities for youngsters to play different positions

Question 37

Give a specific example of rule modifications in volleyball that encourage cooperation.

Answer 37

the goal is to keep the ball from hitting the ground; each team still gets only 3 hits

Question 38

Give a specific example of rule modifications in soccer that encourage cooperation.

Answer 38

the ball should be passed to at least 5 different players before a shot on goal can be attempted

Question 39

Give a specific example of rule modifications in baseball that encourage cooperation.

Answer 39

no strikeouts or walks are allowed; every batter must hit the ball into fair territory to complete an at bat