Chapter 6 Textbook Flashcards
(43 cards)
Reinforcement:
the use of rewards and punishments that increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future
B.F. Skinner argued that:
- teaching rests entirely on the principles of reinforcement
- teaching is the arrangement of reinforcers under which the students learn
Good consequences (being rewarded) =
people will tend to try and repeat the behaviour to receive additional positive consequences
Unpleasant consequences =
people will tend to try not to repeat the behaviour so they can avoid more negative consequences
Name 2 problems with reinforcement.
- same reinforcer will affect 2 people differently
- people cannot always repeat the reinforced behaviour
Sport psychologists agree that the predominant approach with sport and physical activity participants should be _______.
positive
Reinforcement can take many forms, including:
- verbal compliments
- smiles
- other nonverbal behaviours that imply approval
- increased privileges
- use of rewards
Rewards should:
meet the needs of those receiving them
Reinforcers include the following:
- social reinforcers
- material reinforcers
- activity reinforcers
- special outings
Social reinforcers:
- praise
- smile
- pat on the back
- publicity
Material reinforcers:
- trophies
- medals
- ribbons
- t-shirts
Activity reinforcers:
- playing a game rather than drilling
- playing a different position
- taking a trip to play another team
- getting a rest
Special outings:
- going to a professional game
- throwing a team party
- hearing a presentation from a professional athlete
Extrinsic rewards:
rewards that people receive from others
Intrinsic rewards:
reside within the participant
Give examples of intrinsic rewards.
- taking pride in accomplishments
- feeling competent
How can we change the environment to promote intrinsic motivation?
more focused on learning, effort, and improvement as opposed to competition, outcome, and social comparison, then participants tend to be more intrinsically motivated
In early stages of learning, _______ and _______ reinforcement is desirable.
- continuous
- immediate
In later stages of learning, ______ reinforcement is more effective.
intermittent
Research has indicated that continuous feedback not only acts as a ______ but also provides the learner with:
- motivator
- information about how he is doing
The sooner a reinforcement is provided after a response, the ____ _____ the effects on behaviour.
more powerful
Shaping:
- reward small improvements as the skill is learned
- allows people to continue to improve as they get closer and closer to the desired response
- use for difficult skills
Coaches who emphasize winning tend to reward players based on ______.
outcome
It is important to use an individual’s _________ as the standard for success.
previous level of performance
