Chapter 6 Slides Flashcards
Intrinsic motivation:
- an individuals need to feel competency and pride in something
- a person who strives inwardly to be competent and self-determining in their quest to master the task at hand
Extrinsic motivation:
Activity is personally important because of a valued outcome rather than interest in the activity solely for itself
Flow:
a holistic, intrinsically motivating sensation that people feel when they are totally involved in an activity or are on automatic pilot
What does a flow model describe?
essential elements of flow
What are the essential elements of flow?
- balance of challenges and skills
- complete absorption in the activity
- clear goals
- merging of action and awareness
- total concentration on the task
- loss of self-consciousness
- a sense of control
- no goals or rewards external to the activity
- transformation of time
- effortless movement
Research with athletes indicates that they ______ control flow.
cannot
Athletes report that they can increase the _____ of flow occurring.
probability
In order achieve flow, be _____ to perform and maintain a balance between _____ and _____.
- motivated
- goals and skills
In order to achieve flow, achieve _____ _____ before performing.
optimal arousal
In order to achieve flow, maintain an appropriate _____.
focus (stay in the present, focus on key points)
In order to achieve flow, use _______ and ______ plans and preparation.
precompetitive and competitive
In order to achieve flow, achieve optimal _____ preparation and readiness.
physical
In order to achieve flow, experience optimal ______ and ______ conditions.
environmental and situational
In order to achieve flow, exhibit _____ and _____ mental attitude.
- confidence
- positive
In order to achieve flow, have _____ team play and interaction (positive play and shaped purposes).
positive
In order to achieve flow, feel _____ about performance.
good
Reinforcement:
the use of rewards and punishment, which increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future
Why are principles of reinforcement complex?
- people react differently to the same reinforcement
- people are unable to repeat desirable behaviours
- people receive different reinforcers in different situations
Sport psychologists agree that the predominant approach with physical activity and sport participants should be ______ because the negative approach often:
- positive
- instills fear in participants
7 principles of positive reinforcement:
- choose effective reinforcers
- choose timing or schedule of reinforcement
- reward appropriate behaviours
- shape or reinforce successful approximations of difficult behaviours
- reward performance as well as outcome
- reward effort
- reward emotional and social skill
What types of reinforcement should be used for early learning?
continuous and immediate reinforcement desirable
What types of reinforcement should be used for learned skill?
intermittent and immediate reinforcement desirable
