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ISSA Nutritionist (NEW) > Chapter 2: Cells, Organ Systems, and Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cells, Organ Systems, and Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Macronutrients

A

A type of food required in large amounts within our diet.

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2
Q

Organelles

A

Structures in a living cell performing specialized metabolic tasks.

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3
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Generates ribosomes and cell-signaling particles.

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4
Q

Nucleus function

A

Holds the cell’s genetic materials.

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5
Q

Ribosome function

A

Performs biological protein synthesis.

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6
Q

Vesicle function

A

Performs secretion from a cell, uptake into a cell, and material transport within a cell.

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7
Q

Rough ER function

A

Produces proteins.

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8
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Produces lipids and steroid hormones, stores calcium ions, and removes metabolic by-products.

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9
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Packages proteins into vesicles for transport.

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10
Q

Centriole function

A

Aids in cell division

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11
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Generates cellular energy

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12
Q

Lysosome function

A

Digests and removes waste within a cell,

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13
Q

Peroxisome function

A

Produces water and breaks down fatty acids.

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14
Q

Microtubule function

A

Provides structure and shape to the cell

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15
Q

Cell membrane

A

The lipid bilayer enclosing human cells.

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16
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

A thin polar membrane made of pairs of lipid molecules.

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17
Q

Phospholipids

A

A fatty acid linked through glycerol phosphate forming cell membranes.

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18
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-loving: attracted to water

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19
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating: repelled by water

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20
Q

Blastocyte

A

A bundle of 70 - 100 mostly undifferentiated human cells.

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21
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of cells having similar structure and acting together to perform a function.

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22
Q

Stem cell function

A

Undifferentiated cells

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23
Q

Red blood cells function

A

Transports oxygen

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24
Q

White blood cell function

A

Immunity and pathogen response

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25
Q

Platelet function

A

Blood clotting

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26
Q

Nerve cell function

A

Transmits nerve impulses

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27
Q

Neuroglial cell function

A

Modulates rates of nerve signaling propagation in the brain and repair of neural injury

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28
Q

Muscle cell function

A

Muscular contraction, voluntary and involuntary

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29
Q

Cartilage cell function

A

Physical support and shock absorption

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30
Q

Bone cell function

A

Create, reabsorb, and model bone

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31
Q

Skin cell function

A

create a protective barrier, protect against infection, produce skin pigmentation

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32
Q

Endothelial cell function

A

Reinforces and grows blood vessels

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33
Q

Adipose cell function

A

Stores energy

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34
Q

Sex cell function

A

Human reproduction

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35
Q

Epidermis

A

The outermost layer of skin

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36
Q

Epithelialization

A

The process of replacing epithelial cells to maintain a protective barrier.

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37
Q

Squamos

A

Thin, flat epithelial cells allowing molecules to easily pass through

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38
Q

Cuboidal

A

Box shaped epithelial cells that secrete and absorb

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39
Q

Columnar

A

Rectangular shaped epithelial cells that secrete and absorb in a basal layer.

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40
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Epithelial cells that can change shape or stretch

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41
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Epithelial cells secreting specific water-based fluid, often containing proteins.

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42
Q

Connective tissue

A

Tissue supporting, binding, or connecting other tissues in the body.

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43
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Muscle fibers responsible for voluntary muscle contraction

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44
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Muscle fibers responsible for involuntary muscle contraction in the organ systems

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45
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Muscle tissue found only in the heart.

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46
Q

Striated muscle

A

Muscle fibers having contractile units running parallel, appearing striped on a microscope

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47
Q

Nervous tissue

A

the cells of the nervous system controlling body movement and body functions

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48
Q

Nerve cells

A

The neuron transmitting nerve signals

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49
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

Nervous tissue found largely in the central nervous system that forms myelin, protects and supports neurons and maintains homeostasis.

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50
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Nerve cells carrying a signal from the brain to the body

51
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Nerve cells carrying a signal from the body to the brain

52
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and the spinal cord

53
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The nervous system outside the brain and the spinal cord

54
Q

Integumentary system

A

Organ system protecting the body, composed of skin, hair, and nails.

55
Q

number of organ systems in the body

A

11

56
Q

number of individual organs

A

78

57
Q

Epidermis

A

The external layer creating a waterproof barrier and giving the skin its physical tone

58
Q

Dermis

A

The skin layer below the epidermis containing hair follicles, connective tissue, sweat glands, blood vessels, and lymph vessels.

59
Q

Hypodermis

A

The third skin layer of adipose and connective tissue

60
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

The skin layer serving to insulate; technically part of the hypodermal layer.

61
Q

Muscular system

A

The collection of the muscle fibers throughout the human body with the main function of contractability.

62
Q

Vertebrates

A

Animals with a vertebral column or spine

63
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Made up of 80 bones in the adult human and includes the bones of the vertical axis of the body, such as the sternum, cranium, and vertebral column.

64
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Made up of 126 bones and includes the bones of the appendages attaching to the axial skeleton.

65
Q

Interneurons

A

A neuron with its cell body, axon, and dendrites located entirely within the CNS.

66
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The system carrying impulses to and from the skeletal muscle, through the spinal cord, and to or from the brain, which allows the body to react to the external environment.

67
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary and controls the internal organs, including the heart and lungs as well as the glands.

68
Q

Circulatory system

A

An organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

69
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissues

70
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart to remove waste and pick up more oxygen.

71
Q

Capillaries

A

Fine branching blood vessels forming a network between the arterioles and venules, where transport of nutrients and oxygen or carbon dioxide occurs on a microscopic scale.

72
Q

Lymphatic system

A

The organ system working in conjunction with the circulatory and immune systems to prevent disease and maintain fluid balance.

73
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymphatic organs that filter and remove foreign particles

74
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Lymphatic bodies within lymph nodes that consume foreign bodies.

75
Q

Interstitial space

A

The space between cells

76
Q

Respiratory system

A

The organ system responsible for respiration - internal and external - and gas exchange

77
Q

Internal respiration

A

The exchange of gases between the blood and tissues.

78
Q

Cellular metabolism

A

The use of oxygen within cells for specific activities.

79
Q

Ventilation

A

Breathing inhalation and exhalation

80
Q

Endocrine system

A

The organ system producing, releasing, and controlling hormones.

81
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers in the body affecting growth, development, and metabolic activities.

82
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands of the endocrine system that have ducts carrying secretions to the surface

83
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands of the endocrine system with secretions moving directly into the bloodstream to be carried throughout the body.

84
Q

Adrenal gland function

A

Regulates blood pressure. “fight or flight”

85
Q

Pituitary gland function

A

Regulates growth, stimulates uterine contraction in pregnant women

86
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

Regulates metabolic rate and growth

87
Q

Pancreas function

A

Controls carbohydrate metabolism, regulates sugar from the liver.

88
Q

Ovaries function

A

Develops female sex organs and characteristics, attaches fetus to uterine wall, widens the pelvis for birth.

89
Q

Testes function

A

Develops male sex organs and characteristics,

90
Q

Urinary system

A

The organ system producing, storing, and eliminating fluid waste or urine..

91
Q

Reproductive system

A

The organ system responsible for human reproduction,

92
Q

Gonads

A

The main reproductive organ, the ovaries and testes, that produce gametes and sex hormones of an organism.

93
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A

The part of the human digestive system consisting of the stomach and intestines.

94
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost lining of the digestive tract in contact with food.

95
Q

Muscular mucosa

A

Smooth muscle in the GI tract moving food through.

96
Q

Peristalsis

A

The systematic series of smooth muscle contractions that move food through the GI tract.

97
Q

Submucosa

A

The layer of the GI tract with lymphatic and blood vessels and nerves.

98
Q

Serosa

A

The outermost layer of the GI tract serving as a barrier.

99
Q

Saliva

A

Fluid from the mouth containing water, mucus, and amylase.

100
Q

Amylase

A

An oral enzyme beginning the process of starch breakdown.

101
Q

Pharynx

A

The throat

102
Q

Esophagus

A

The piece of the alimentary tract connecting the throat to the stomach

103
Q

Stomach

A

The muscular pouch used for mechanical and chemical digestion in the alimentary tract.

104
Q

Gastrin

A

A hormone stimulating secretion of gastric juice; secreted into the bloodstream by the stomach wall in response to food.

105
Q

Chyme

A

The pulpy, acidic fluid passing through from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partially digested food.

106
Q

Plicae circulares

A

crescent shaped folds of the mucosa and submucosa

107
Q

Villi

A

Tiny hairlike projections often on the surface of mucous membranes

108
Q

Enterokinase function

A

Convert trypsinogen to trypsin to break down proteins

109
Q

Lactase function

A

Break down lactose

110
Q

Lipase function

A

Break down fatty acids

111
Q

Maltase function

A

Break down maltose to glucose

112
Q

Mucus function

A

Lubricate passageways for food to move easily

113
Q

Peptidase or protease

A

break down for proteins

114
Q

Sucrase

A

Break down sucrose to fructose and glucose

115
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

An endocrine secretion in the GI tract to digest proteins and fats

116
Q

Secretin

A

An endocrine secretion in the GI tract regulating water balance and pH in the duodenem.

117
Q

Colon

A

The longest part of the large intestine; removes water from waste matter.

118
Q

Rectum

A

The space between the colon and anus where fecal matter is stored.

119
Q

Anus

A

The opening at the end of the alimentary tract where waste exits the body.

120
Q

Hepatic artery

A

A short blood vessel supplying oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenem, pancreas, and gallbladder.

121
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Vein conveying blood to the liver from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and intestines.

122
Q

Bile

A

A bitter, greenish-brown alkaline fluid aiding digestion, secreted by the liver ad stored in the gallbladder.

123
Q

Islets of langerhans

A

specialized pancreatic cells secreting insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

ISSA Nutritionist (NEW) (18 decks)

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