Chapter 5: Protein

Question 1

Ammonia

Answer 1

A toxic metabolic waste product produced from the metabolism of nitrogen-contaning compounds like protein and amino acids.

Question 2

Uric acid

Answer 2

A toxic metabolic waste product filtered by the kidneys as a result of the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds

Question 3

Amino acids

Answer 3

An organic compound used as a precursor for other molecules in the body.

Question 4

Peptide bond

Answer 4

The bond that links amino acids together to form a protein.

Question 5

Urea Cycle

Answer 5

The metabolic process in which ammonia is converted to the waste product urea.

Question 6

Neurotransmitter

Answer 6

The molecule that transmits a signal across the synapse between two neurons.

Question 7

Peptides

Answer 7

Compounds consisting of 2 or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Question 8

Dehydration reaction

Answer 8

A chemical reaction that forms a bond and releases a molecule of water in the process.

Question 9

Hormones

Answer 9

Signaling molecules secreted by an endocrine organ or gland.

Question 10

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 10

The large molecule in the cell nucleus that contains the cell’s genetic blueprint and determines how the cell will develop.

Question 11

Simple Protein

Answer 11

A protein made up of only amino acid subunits.

Question 12

Conjugated protein

Answer 12

A protein that includes amino acids as well as one or more non-amino acid units.

Question 13

Growth hormone

Answer 13

A hormone released from the pituitary gland to stimulate growth, cell regeneration and repair, and cell reproduction. GH also acts homeostatically to increase blood glucose levels.

Question 14

Ribonucleic acid

Answer 14

The substance that carries the coded genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes, where the instructions are translated into the form of protein signaling molecules.

Question 15

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 15

Amino acids the body is unable to make and that must be consumed nutritionally.

Question 16

Non-essential amino acids

Answer 16

Amino acids the body can make on its own and that do not need to be consumed.

Question 17

Conditional amino acids

Answer 17

Amino acids we are able to make, but special populations or circumstances may warrant inclusion in the diet.

Question 18

Precursors

Answer 18

Intermediate substances in the body’s production of another substance.

Question 19

Nitric oxide

Answer 19

A free radical that increases blood flow through vasodilation

Question 20

Branched-chain amino acids

Answer 20

Amino acids with chemically branched R groups. they are used for energy during strenuous physical activities.

Question 21

Histamine

Answer 21

A compound and neurotransmitter involved in local immune response and in regulation of functions in the digestive tract.

Question 22

Carnosine

Answer 22

A dipeptide made of alanine and histidine, present in large amounts in muscle and brain tissue.

Question 23

Carnitine

Answer 23

An amino acid derivative found mostly in muscle tissue that helps the body use fat for energy.

Question 24

Transmethylation

Answer 24

The metabolic process in which an amino acid donates a methyl group to another compound.

Question 25

Cholecystokinin

Answer 25

The hormone that is thought to be responsible for signaling fullness after eating.

Question 26

Limiting nutrients

Answer 26

A nutrient that limits reactions, functions, and use of other nutrients because it is absent or limited.

Question 27

Complete proteins

Answer 27

A protein with the essential amino acids in the sufficient amounts

Question 28

Incomplete proteins

Answer 28

A protein that is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids.

Question 29

Pepsin

Answer 29

An enzyme released in the stomach that breaks proteins down to smaller peptides and free amino acids.

Question 30

Chyme

Answer 30

The mass of partially digested food and gastric juices that moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

Question 31

Protease

Answer 31

An enzyme that is produced in the pancreas and plays a large role in the digestion of protein, primarily in the small intestine.

Question 32

Chymotrypsin

Answer 32

A digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas and converted to an active form by trypsin. it breaks down proteins in the small intestine.

Question 33

Trypsin

Answer 33

An enzyme that breaks down and digests protein in the small intestine.

Question 34

Calories in one gram of protein

Answer 34

4 kcals