Chapter 9: Water and Hydration

Question 1

Polar

Answer 1

Describes a molecule with a positive and negative charge on opposite sides.

Question 2

Specific heat

Answer 2

The heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree.

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

The body’s ability to maintain a stable equilibrium between processes that are dependent on each other.

Question 4

Osmosis

Answer 4

A process by which molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 5

Chemical composition of water

Answer 5

2 hydrogen

1 oxygen

Question 6

Total body water

Answer 6

The entire amount of water found in the human body.

Question 7

Intracellular water

Answer 7

The water within the cells of the body.

Question 8

Extracelular water

Answer 8

The water outside the cells in the body.

Question 9

Interstitial fluid

Answer 9

Water in the space between cells in the body.

Question 10

Plasma volume

Answer 10

The water in plasma in the veins and arteries.

Question 11

Hypohydration

Answer 11

A state of decreased total body water.

Question 12

Euhydration

Answer 12

A state of adequate total body water as regulated by the brain.

Question 13

Hyperhydration

Answer 13

A state of excessive total body water content.

Question 14

Underhydration

Answer 14

A state in which hormones used to regulate fluid balance are activated; however, total body water is not significantly reduced, and thirst has not been stimulated.

Question 15

Urine osmolality

Answer 15

A measure of urine concentration where large values indicate concentrated urine and small values indicate diluted urine.

Question 16

Urine specific gravity

Answer 16

A measure of hydration using the density of urine compared to the density of water.

Question 17

Urine color

Answer 17

The pigmentation of urine used as a measure of hydration.

Question 18

Refractometer

Answer 18

A tool used for measuring urine specific gravity.

Question 19

Percent of total body water weight

Answer 19

50-70%

Question 20

Aldosterone

Answer 20

A hormone produced in the adrenal glands responsible for sodium conservation.

Question 21

Water retention

Answer 21

The accumulation of water in the cells and body cavities.

Question 22

Osmolality

Answer 22

The concentration of plasma in the blood.

Question 23

Plasma osmolality

Answer 23

A measure of the concentration of electrolytes and other solutes in plasma.

Question 24

Arginine vasopressin

Answer 24

A hormone released when plasma osmolality increases; responsible for fluid reabsorption from the kidneys into the bloodstream.

Question 25

Receptor

Answer 25

A group of specialized cells on or in a cell interacting with specific circulating hormones.

Question 26

Vasopressin 2 receptors

Answer 26

Vasopressin receptors located in the kidney that are responsible for limiting the amount of fluid lost through urine production.

Question 27

Vasopressin 1A receptors

Answer 27

Vasopressin receptors located in the liver tissue that increase the amount of liver glucose production when activated.

Question 28

Chronic Kidney disease

Answer 28

The gradual decreased kidney function over a long period of time.

Question 29

Gastric emptying rate

Answer 29

The rate at which fluid is emptied from the stomach into the small intestine.

Question 30

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 30

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium die to the forces of gravity.

Question 31

Cardiac output

Answer 31

The amount of blood per minute pumped by the heart.

Question 32

Stroke volume

Answer 32

The amount fo blood pumped in each heartbeat by the heart.

Question 33

Cardiac drift

Answer 33

A phenomenon in which heart rate increases as stroke volume decreases due to the decreased blood volume.

Question 34

Hyperthermia

Answer 34

Dangerously high body temps due to producing more heat than can be dispersed.

Question 35

Rehydration

Answer 35

Replacing fluids lost during activity.

Question 36

Thermoregulation

Answer 36

How organisms control core body temperature

Question 37

Exercise associated hyponatremia

Answer 37

When plasma sodium levels fall below normal ranges.

Question 38

Diuretic effect

Answer 38

Any effect from a physiological process leading to increased urine production.