Chapter 6: Fats

Question 1

Lipids

Answer 1

Organic Biomolecules soluble in organic solvents, but not water.

Question 2

Beta-oxidation

Answer 2

The catabolic metabolism of fatty acids to generate the molecules needed to synthesize adenosine triphosphate.

Question 3

Cholesterol

Answer 3

a 3-carbon alcohol molecule and the structural backbone of lipids.

Question 4

Triglycerides

Answer 4

Three fatty acids linked to a molecule of glycerol.

Question 5

Fatty acids

Answer 5

A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end.

Question 6

Glycerol

Answer 6

A three carbon alcohol molecule and the structural backbone of lipids.

Question 7

Saturated fats

Answer 7

A fat or fatty acids with single bonds between carbons

Question 8

Unsaturated fats

Answer 8

A fat or fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbons.

Question 9

LDL cholesterol

Answer 9

Bad cholesterol building up in and contributing to the hardening of arteries.

Question 10

Monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 10

Fatty acids with just one double bond between carbons.

Question 11

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 11

Fatty acids with more than one double bond.

Question 12

Adipose tissue

Answer 12

Loose connective tissue made of adipocytes for storing excess fats in the body.

Question 13

Lipogenesis

Answer 13

The metabolic process forming fat for storage in adipocytes.

Question 14

Lipolysis

Answer 14

The breakdown of lipids for energy occurring during fasting and exercise when energy availability and insulin are low.

Question 15

Prostoglandins

Answer 15

Hormones involved in the inflammatory response to injury as well as female reproductive phases.

Question 16

Steroid hormones

Answer 16

Hormones derived from cholesterol, including estrogen and testosterone.

Question 17

Essential fatty acids

Answer 17

Fats that cannot be produced in the body and must be supplemented or consumed as part of a balanced diet.

Question 18

Omega-3 fatty acids

Answer 18

A group of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosahexaenoic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid.

Question 19

Omega-6 fatty acids

Answer 19

A group of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid.

Question 20

Linoleic acid

Answer 20

A common essential omega 6 fatty acid.

Question 21

Alpha linoleix acid

Answer 21

An omega 3 fatty acid found to be effective for treating depression and anxiety.

Question 22

Eicosapentaenoic acid

Answer 22

An omega 3 fatty acid used to reduce triglyceride levels.

Question 23

Docosahexaenoic acid

Answer 23

An omega 3 fatty acid used to reduce chronic disease and functions in the development of the brain, skin, and eyes.

Question 24

HDL

Answer 24

the good cholesterol carrying the LDL out of the bloodstream and to the liver, where it is broken down and excreted.

Question 25

Gamma linolenic acid

Answer 25

A nonessential omega 6 fatty acid derived from linoleic acid.

Question 26

Omega 9 fatty acid

Answer 26

Common nonessential monounsaturated fats.

Question 27

Phospholipids

Answer 27

A class of lipids made of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate unit, a major component of cell membranes.

Question 28

Hydrophilic

Answer 28

Water loving

Question 29

Hydrophobic

Answer 29

Water repelling

Question 30

Lecithin

Answer 30

A phospholipid with a choline group essential for liver and brain function.

Question 31

Phosphatidylserine

Answer 31

A phospholipid with the amino acid serine useful for improving memory and physical recovery.

Question 32

Sterols

Answer 32

A group of naturally occurring unsaturated steroid alcohols

Question 33

Conjugated linoleic acid

Answer 33

An isomer of linoleic acid derived from ruminant animals.

Question 34

Isomer

Answer 34

Two or more compounds or molecules with the same formula but different arrangements of atoms.

Question 35

Conjugated

Answer 35

A molecule formed by the union of two molecules with two double bonds separated by a single bond.

Question 36

Adiposity

Answer 36

Bodyfat stores

Question 37

Medium-chain triglyceride

Answer 37

Triglyceride with shorter fatty acid chains containing just 6-12 carbon atoms used as a supplement for quick energy and certain medical conditions.

Question 38

Trans fatty acids

Answer 38

Unsaturated fatty acids that have been hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated.

Question 39

Hydrogenation

Answer 39

The process by which hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated sites on fatty acids, converting double bonds to single bonds.

Question 40

Partial hydrogenation

Answer 40

The hydrogenation of fatty acids resulting in the "trans" configuration.

Question 41

Lingual lipase

Answer 41

An enzyme using amino acids aspartate, histidine, and serine to hydrolyze medium and long chain triglycerides, breaking them down into partial glycerides and free fatty acids.

Question 42

Emulsifier

Answer 42

A substance that dispenses fat into smaller droplets as part of the digestion process.

Question 43

Gastric lipase

Answer 43

An enzyme secreted by cells in the stomach, breaking down and digesting fats.

Question 44

Bile salts

Answer 44

Bile acids produced in the liver and conjugated with the amino acids taurine or glycine that act to stabilize fats in the small intestine.

Question 45

Micelles

Answer 45

Bile salts aiding in the transport through the small intestine that are released, without crossing the membrane, as the free fatty acid is absorbed.

Question 46

Lipoproteins

Answer 46

Proteins bound to fat to transport lipids through the bloodstream.

Question 47

Chylomicron

Answer 47

A droplet of fat that has been absorbed through the small intestine into the bloodstream or lymphatic fluid.

Question 48

Cholesterol esters

Answer 48

Esters of cholesterol, a slightly different chemical form of cholesterol that is less soluble in water.

Question 49

Glycogenolysis

Answer 49

The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose molecules for energy.

Question 50

Ketogenesis

Answer 50

The process of breaking down fatty acids to produce ketone bodies and used in certain circumstances for energy production.

Question 51

Calories in one gram of fat

Answer 51

9 kcals