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Chapter 21 Flashcards

immune system exam 2

1
Q

immunity

A

the ability of the body to defend itself against foreign antigens

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2
Q

antigens

A

used by immune cells to recognize self vs non self

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3
Q

what are the 2 intrinsic systems

A
  1. innate defenses
  2. adaptive defenses
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4
Q

innate defenses

A

nonspecifc
built-in
has physical barries and cells/chemicals
initiated very quickly

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5
Q

surface barries

A

physically block pathogens from entering

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6
Q

what are the 2 surface barries

A

skin and mucous membranes

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7
Q

skin

A

keratin: tough protein on the surface of the skin that is resistant to weak acids, weak bases, and bacterial enzymes
acid mantle: sweat and sebum are acidic,
bactericidal: prevent pathogen growth

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8
Q

mucus

A

traps microorganisms in respiratory/ digestive tract

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9
Q

mucous membranes

A

lines body cavities that lead into and out of the body

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10
Q

cilia

A

beat back and forth and get rid of microorganisms stuck in mucus in respiratory tract

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11
Q

acid mantle

A

stomach: secretes gastric juices 1.5-3 pH bacteria cannot survive
vagina: acidic in nature, prevents bacterial/fungal growth

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12
Q

tears and saliva

A

contains lysozymes: kill bacteria
tears: clean out eyes
saliva: bring microorganisms into the stomach

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13
Q

urine

A

acidic in nature: get rid of microorganisms during urination

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14
Q

cells and chemicals: innate defense

A

used when surface barries are breached

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15
Q

pattern recognition receptor

A

on innate system cells
proteins that recognize pathogens by finding specific molecules not present on human cells

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16
Q

types of innate defense cells

A

natural killer cells
phagocytes
- macrophages
- neutrophils

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17
Q

Natural killer cells

A

target virus-infected cells and cancerous cells
nonspecific
directly contact cells and induce apoptosis
release perforins

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18
Q

what do perforins do in NK cells

A

create pores in the cell membrane
allow proteases to enter which will induce apoptosis

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19
Q

phagocytes

A

neutrophils and macrophages
phagocytosis: engulfs cells and destroys them

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20
Q

macrophages

A

large and voracious
free: capable of traveling through tissue to search for pathogens
fixed: permanent location in tissue of an organ

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21
Q

neutrophils

A

neutrophils: become phagocytic upon encountering a pathogen
can also use defensins : create pores on cell membrane - allow water to enter cell and induce lysis

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22
Q

innate chemicals

A

antimicrobial proteins

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23
Q

antimicrobial proteins

A

proteins that can directly kill pathogens or interfere w their reproduction
interferons or complement

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24
Q
A
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25
25
26
26
27
27
28
normal body temp
98.6 F
28
interferons
released by infected cells to protect noninfected cells diffuse into cell and creates proteins to degrade viral DNA
28
complement
group of 20 plasma proteins synthesized by the liver
28
what are the roles of complements
activation: massive release of inflammatory chemicals stimulate phagocytes to clear debris kill/lyse bacteria
28
pyrogens
released by macrophages and leukocytes : fire starter reset hypothalamus to raise body temperature
28
fever
body wide systemic defense to a pathogen : incresase nody temp
29
low grade fever
99-100.4 F
30
what are the benefits of fever
1. causes spleen/liver to store more Fe; cannot be used by bacteria for growth 2. increase metabolic rate of tissue cells- increase repair
31
adaptive defenses
more specific good: more specialized defenses bad: take longer to initiate than innate system
32
two features of adaptive defenses
humoral immunity cellular immunity
33
humoral immunity
antibodies present in the body fluid (humors) circulate freely and inactivate cells for destruction B lymphocytes
34
cellular immunity
when lymphocytes directly defend the body kill target cells release chemicals that increase the inflammatory response active macrophages
35
differences between adaptive and innate
uses lymphocytes adaptive more specific systemic has memory
36
antigens
any substance that can mobilize the adaptive system
37
complete antigens
immunogenic: can stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and generate immune response
38
incomplete antigens
haptens: must be bound to a protein carrier for immune response to occur if non self antigen not bound to protein carrier immune response wont occur
39
antigenic determinants
to begin an immune response, antibodies and lymphocytes must bind to antigenic determinant
40
self antigens
antigens that belong to the body
41
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
glycoprotein found on the surface of our body cells
42
cells of the adaptive system
lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells
43
lymphocytes
b cells and t cells must mature before immune response can occur
44
5 steps of maturation for lymphocytes
originate from hematopoietic stem cells education seeding and circulation antigen exposure proliferation
45
education of cells
immunocompetence: lymphocyte learns to recognize a single antigen to act against it form a specific receptor self tolerance : learn self vs nonself
46
seeding and circulation
leave the bone marrow and thymus and colonize secondary lymphoid organs
47
antigen exposure
first encounter leads to clonal selection lymphocytes create clones w same antigen specificity
48
proliferation
activated lymphocyte proliferates to form lymphocytes w the same receptor
49
antigen presenting cells
cells engulf cells and display some of its fragments
50
3 types of APC
dendritic cells macrophages b cells
51
b lymphocytes and humoral immunity
involves the production of plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies for a specific antigen
52
process of producing antibodies
1. primary response 2. clonal selection 3. clones can differentiate into 2 cells 4. secondary response and immunological memory
53
active humoral immunity
b cells encounter antigen, produce plasma cells and antibodies to act against them
54
active humoral immunity 2 ways
1. naturally acquired: bacterial or virus infection occurs in the body 2. artificially acquired: use of vaccines
55
passive humoral immunity
antibodies are supplied to the body rather than produced by it
56
passive humoral immunity 2 ways
1. natural: antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus 2. artificially: antibodies supplied by an immune donor
57
antibodies
each type of antibody has an antigen binding site also called immunoglobulins
58
IgM
first class that is secreted by plasma cells
59
IgA
found in the body secretions
60
IgD
functions as B cell antigen receptor
61
IgG
most abundant antibody
62
IgE
release histamine: mediates inflammation and allergic reaction
63
Antibody Action steps
1. neutralization 2. agglutination 3. precipitation 4. complement activation

anatomy (20 decks)

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