chapter 23 part 2

Question 1

4 major regions of the stomach

Answer 1

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric portion

Question 2

cardia

Answer 2

portion of the stomach leading immediately from the esophagus

Question 3

fundus

Answer 3

dome-shaped portion

Question 4

body

Answer 4

midportion of stomach

Question 5

pyloric portion

Answer 5

inferior funnel-shaped portion of the stomach
leads into small intestine

Question 6

pyloric sphincter

Answer 6

Thickening of tissue that controls the release of food from the stomach into the intestine
controls how much food enters the small intestine to prevent overfilling

Question 7

omenta

Answer 7

mesenteries extending from the greater/lesser curvature of the stomach

Question 8

lesser omentum

Answer 8

runs from liver to stomach

Question 9

greater omentum

Answer 9

runs from the stomach to the intestines
functions: attaches and anchors stomach to other digestive organs

Question 10

parasympathetic fibers via

Answer 10

vagus nerve
when parasympathetic division activated: stomach activity increases

Question 11

sympathetic fibers via

Answer 11

thoracic splanchnic nerves
sympathetic division activated: stomach less active

Question 12

stomach has 3 layers of muscle

Answer 12

circular, longitudinal, and oblique

Question 13

oblique muscle layer in stomach

Answer 13

provides extra muscle layer to generate force

Question 14

what happens to the stomach when the oblique muscle contracts

Answer 14

twisting like ringing out washcloth
increase mixing function

Question 15

surface epithelia of stomach

Answer 15

simple columnar cells that secrete large amounts of mucus

Question 16

gastric pits

Answer 16

indentation of mucosa
lead into gastric glands: gastric juices produced here

Question 17

types of gastric gland cells

Answer 17

1. mucous neck cell
2. parietal cell
3. cheif cells
4. enteroendocrine cells

Question 18

mucous neck cell

Answer 18

produces acidic, thin mucus

Question 19

parietal cell

Answer 19

secrete HCI and intrinsic factor

Question 20

HCI

Answer 20

makes stomach extremely acidic: pH 1.5-3.5 is normal

Question 21

functions of HCI

Answer 21

Activates protein-digesting enzyme: pepsin, denatures proteins breaks down plant cell walls, and kills of many bacteria

Question 22

intrinsic factor

Answer 22

needed for survival
necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine

Question 23

chief cells

Answer 23

produce pepsinogen
pepsinogen converted to pepsin: begins protein digestion

Question 24

enteroendocrine cells

Answer 24

release hormones
1. histamine
2. serotonin
3. somatostatin
4. gastrin

Question 25

histamine

Answer 25

stimulates parietal cells to release HCI

Question 26

serotonin

Answer 26

stimulates contraction of muscle in stomach wall

Question 27

somatostatin

Answer 27

plays several inhibitory roles in the stomach and other organs

Question 28

three mechanisms of protection for stomach from gastric juices

Answer 28

1. thick coating of alkaline mucus on the internal surface of the stomach wall 2. epithelial cells joined by tight junctions 3. damaged epithelial cells shed and quickly replaced

Question 29

gastrin

Answer 29

increases HCI secretion, stimulates contraction of intestinal muscles, releases ileocecal valve, stimulated mass movement of materials

Question 30

chyme

Answer 30

mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food

Question 31

retropulsion

Answer 31

as food is mixed/churned in the pylorus, a small amount of liquid/ small food particles can pass through pyloric valve

Question 32

rate of contraction of stomach is established by

Answer 32

enteric pacemaker cells

Question 33

rate of emptying stomach depends on

Answer 33

1. whats in the stomach (solid or liquid) 2. how distended the stomach is 3. contents of first part of small intestine

Question 34

the liver

Answer 34

accessory organ to the small intestine

Question 35

4 lobes of the liver

Answer 35

right, left, caudate and quadrate

Question 36

falciform ligament

Answer 36

divides left from right, suspends liver from diaphragms holds liver in place

Question 37

round ligament

Answer 37

remnant of the umbilical vein

Question 38

liver products drain from lobes via

Answer 38

common hepatic ducts

Question 39

hepatocytes

Answer 39

liver cells

Question 40

each liver lobule is packed with

Answer 40

liver cells (hepatocytes)

Question 41

liver composed of tightly packed hexagon shaped

Answer 41

liver lobules

Question 42

hepatocyte functions

Answer 42

bile secretion, process bloodborne nutrients, store fat-soluble vitamins detoxifies blood

Question 43

each corner of lobule contains a portal triad

Answer 43

hepatic artery branch hepatic portal branch bile duct

Question 44

liver sinusoids

Answer 44

drain blood from the portal triad, emptying into central vein

Question 45

where does blood cleansing occur

Answer 45

liver sinusoids : surrounded by hepatocytes

Question 46

bile canaliculi

Answer 46

drain bile secreted by hepatocytes which enter bile duct of portal triad

Question 47

central vein

Answer 47

run through center of each liver lobule

Question 48

bile

Answer 48

yellow green alkaline solution produced by the hepatocytes

Question 49

components of bile

Answer 49

bile salts bilirubin

Question 50

bile salts

Answer 50

component of bile aiding in digestion and absorption of fats constantly recycles

Question 51

bilirubin

Answer 51

bile pigment formed by heme breakdown

Question 52

gallbladder

Answer 52

accessory organ to the liver/small intestine: storage site for highly concentrated bile sits at the inferior surface of the liver very green in color when filled

Question 53

how does the gallbladder empty

Answer 53

via a cystic duct into the common bile duct

Question 54

the pancreas

Answer 54

accessory organ to the small intestine

Question 55

function of the pancreas

Answer 55

secretes substances that help digest a wide variety of foodstuff

Question 56

exocrine part of pancreas secretes

Answer 56

pancreatic juice: responsible for digestion

Question 57

2 parts of exocrine pancreas

Answer 57

acini: synthesize, stores and secretes digestive enzymes in pancreases digestive enxymes are inactive: pancreas would digest itself ducts: transports secretions of acini

Question 58

endocrine part of pancreas

Answer 58

contains pancreatic islets alpha cells: secrete glucagon (hyperglycemic) beta cells: secrete insulin (hypoglycemic)

Question 59

composition of pancreatic juice

Answer 59

water, enzymes and electrolytes alkaline in nature: important to small intestine bc mixes w low pH chyme to make more basic

Question 60

digestive enzymes

Answer 60

amylase (starches) proteases(proteins) lipases(fats) nucleases(nucleic acids)