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chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange: body tissues must be supplied with O2 and CO2 must be disposed of

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2
Q

4 processes involved on gas exhange

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation: breathing
  2. external respiration: gas exchange occurring in the lungs
  3. transport of respiratory gases to/from tissues
  4. internal respiration: gas exchange occurring in the tissues
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3
Q

two zones of the respiratory system

A
  1. conducting zone
  2. respiratory zone
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4
Q

conducting zone

A

respiratory passages leading from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles
transports air to/from the lungs
no involvement in gas exchange

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5
Q

respiratory zone

A

actual site of gas exchange
found in respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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6
Q

upper conducting zone

A

nasal cavity
pharynx

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7
Q

nasal cavity

A

air is warmed and humidified as it enters the nasal cavity: cold air slows down respiratory rate

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8
Q

mucous membranes of nasal cavity

A

respiratory mucosa has 2 cells
1. goblet cells: mucus-producing cells
2. seromucous nasal glands: mucous- traps particles and debris
serous- secretes watery fluid containing lysozymes (kills pathogens)

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9
Q

pharynx

A

divided into 3 regions
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx

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10
Q

nasopharynx

A

contains pharyngeal and tubal tonsils
closes during swallowing by soft palate and uvula

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11
Q

oropharynx

A

meets the oral cavity as isthmus of the fauces
contains palatine and lingual tonsils

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12
Q

laryngopharynx

A

respiratory and digestive passages split

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13
Q

lower conducting zone

A

splits laryngopharynx from respiratory passages
1. larynx
2 trachea
3. bronchi

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14
Q

epiglottis

A

cartilage flap that closes off lower conducting zone
when eating pushes over lower conducting zone to prevent food from entering

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15
Q

larynx (voice box)

A

composed of cartilage
- thyroid cartilage: Adams apple
- cricoid cartilage
keep larynx open
contains vocal cords for sound production

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16
Q

glottis

A

open passageway surrounded by vocal cords

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17
Q

vocal cords are

A

ligaments composed of elastic fibers
fibers vibrate as we exhale to produce sound

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18
Q

sound pitch vs sound loudness

A

chords are tense: higher pitch
air passed across chords w greater force: increase loudness

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19
Q

trachea (windpipe)

A

composed of elastic fibers and cartilage rings
- elastic fibers: provide flexibility trachea can stretch/relax while breathing
- cartilage rigs: prevents trachea from collapsing on itself

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20
Q

trachealis

A

smooth muscle tissue of trachea
controls diameter
sympathetic: relax to increase diameter
parasympathetic: contract to decrease diamter

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21
Q

bronchi

A

allow air to reach the respiratory zone

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22
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

smallest bronchioles in conducting zone
reach respiratory zone

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23
Q

lungs

A

organ where external gas exhange occurs

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24
Q

hilum

A

the point at which the bronchi and any blood/nerve supply leave/enter the lung

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25
blood supply to the lungs
pulmonary circulation bronchial circulation
26
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary arteries bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs pulmonary veins move oxygenated blood away from the lungs pulmonary capillary network: immediately surround alveoli
27
bronchial circulation
bronchial arteries supply lung tissue w oxygenated systemic blood
28
innervation of lungs
nerve fibers enter the lung at the pulmonary plexus
29
pleurae
thin double-layer serous membrane visceral pleura: covers external lung features parietal pleura: covers the thoracic wall and upper portion of the diaphragm pleural fluid: fills the cavity between the 2 allows the pleura to stick
30
benefits of each lung having its own pleura
creates chambers for each lung 1. as organs move and shift while breathing: pleura slide over one another 2. prevents the spread of infection from one organ to another
31
respiratory bronchioles
Extend from the terminal bronchioles of the respiratory zone lead into alveolar sacs composed of multiple indivudal alveoli
32
walls of alveoli
simple squamous epithelia: easy for gas exchange are covered w capillary beds: gas exchange occurs via diffusion individual alveoli connected to neighbors via alveolar pores: share air w one another
33
cell types of alveoli
1. type 1 alveolar cells 2. type 2 alveolar cells 3. alveolar macrophage
34
type 1 alveolar cells
squamous epithelial cells create walls of alveoli: where gas exchange occurs
35
type 2 alveolar cells
cuboidal cells scattered among type 1 secrete: surfactant- detergent-like substance which prevents walls of alveoli from sticking together antimicrobial proteins: innate immunity
36
alveolar macrophages
mobile cells consume pathogens, debris and protect internal alveolar surfaces
37
2 processes involved in respiratory physiology
1. pulmonary ventilation 2. gas exchange
38
pulmonary ventilation
the flow of air into and out of the lungs air flows according to a pressure gradient high to low
39
gas exchange
The exchange of respiratory gases across the alveolar wall respiratory gases can move from air space in the lungs to blood or vice versa
40
3 gas laws influences these 2 processes
1. Boyles law 2. daltons law of partial pressures 3. henrys law
41
boyles law
pressure and volume are inversely related—when one increases, the other decreases
42
volume of a container increases
pressure decreases
43
volume of a container decreases
pressure increases
44
changing the volume of the lungs
changes pressure within the lungs
45
pressure in lungs is described in relation to
atmospheric pressure (Patm)
46
at sea level Patm is
760 mm Hg
47
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
pressure inside the alveoli
48
inspiration
initiated by contraction of inspiratory muscles 1. diaphragm: during contraction, diaphragm flattens thoracic cavity becomes larger 2. intercostal muscles: external intercostal muscles pull ribs up and outward thoracic cavity becomes larger
49
volume of lungs increases
intrapulmonary pressure lower than atmospheric pressure air flows into the lungs along the pressure gradient
50
volume of lungs decreases
intrapulmonary pressure increases higher than atmospheric pressure air flows out of the lungs along the pressure gradxient
51
respiratory volumes
the amount of air that can be pushed into/out of the lungs during ventilation
52
tidal volume
normal volume of air that moves into and out of lungs during normal breathing 500 ml air
53
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcibly inspired past a normal tidal volume 2100-3000 ml air
54
expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcibly expired past a normal tidal volume expiration 1000-1200 ml air
55
residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration 1200 ml air
56
respiratory capacities
the sum of two or more respiratory volumes
57
inspiratory capacity
the total amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration IC= TV+IRV
58
vital capacity
the total amount of exchangeable air VC= TV+ IRV+ERV
59
functional residual capacity
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration FRC= RV+ ERV
60
total lung capacity
the total amount of air the lungs can hold after a maximal inhalation TLC= IRV+ TV+ ERV+ RV
61
dead space
air that fills the conducting zone but never contributes to gas exchange
62
anatomical dead space
for a healthy individual - 150 ml of air 1 ml of air per pound of ideal body weight
63
alveolar dead space
air reaches the alveoli but no gas exchange occurs
64
total dead space
anatomical dead space+ alveolar dead space non useful volumes

anatomy (20 decks)

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