chapter 22

Question 1

daltons law of partial pressures

Answer 1

the total pressure of a gas mixture = the sum of the pressures of each individual gas

Question 2

total atomospheric pressure

Answer 2

the sum of pressures of the different gases that make up the air we breathe

Question 3

nitrogen and oxygen

Answer 3

79% and 20.9% make up 99% of Patm

Question 4

partial pressure

Answer 4

the pressure of each individual gas in the mixture

Question 5

partial pressure of one gas

Answer 5

is independent of the partial pressure of another gas

Question 6

henrys law

Answer 6

a gas will dissolve in a liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

Question 7

higher PP

Answer 7

more gas dissolves

Question 8

gases dissolve best in liquid under

Answer 8

high pressure
low temperature
high solubility

Question 9

3 factors affecting rate at which gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillaries

Answer 9

1. partial pressure gradients and gas solubility
2. thickness and surface area of respiratory membranes
3. ventilation perfusion coupling

Question 10

partial pressure gradients and gas solubility

Answer 10

PO2 in alveoli> PO2 in caplliaries
O2 moves from alveoli into blood
PCO2 in capillaries> PCO2 in alveoli
CO2 moves from blood into alveoli

Question 11

thickness and surface area of respiratory membranes

Answer 11

respiratory membrane is thin: gas exchange occurs quickly
The greater the surface area = the greater amount of gas that can diffuse in a given amount of time

Question 12

perfusion

Answer 12

flow of blood through blood vessels

Question 13

composition of alveolar gases

Answer 13

CO2 and water vapors

Question 14

why is this the comp of alveolar gases

Answer 14

1. gas exchange is occurring in the alveoli CO2 into alveoli and O2 into blood
2. Conducting passageways humidify air: creates water vapor
3. mixture of air in alveoli

Question 15

internal respiration
gas exchange occurring in tissues

Answer 15

PCO2 in tissues> PCO2 in blood
CO2 moves into blood
PO2 in blood> PO2 in tissues
O2 moves into tissues

Question 16

carbon dioxide transport

Answer 16

1. dissolved in plasma
2. binds to amino acids of globulin in hemoglobin
3. as bicarbonate ions in plasma

Question 17

increase in CO2 in blood causes blood ph

Answer 17

to decrease
respiratory acidosis
slow shallow breathing

Question 18

decrease in CO2 in the blood causes blood ph

Answer 18

to increase
respiratory alkalosis
rapid deep breathing

Question 19

conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate causes

Answer 19

release of H+ ions
decreases blood pH
buffered by RBC to maintain blood pH at 7.35-7.45

Question 20

medullary respiratory center

Answer 20

two areas that set the normal respiratory rhythm
ventral respiratory group
dorsal respiratory group

Question 21

pontine respiratory center

Answer 21

interacts with medullary respiratory center to smooth the respiratory pattern
transition from inhalation to exhalation

Question 22

CNS measure two factors to determine breathing rate and depth

Answer 22

1. CO2 levels
2. O2 levels in arterial blood

Question 23

hypercapnia

Answer 23

increase CO2 in the blood
causes decrease in blood pH
increase breathing rate and depth to let more CO2 out

Question 24

hypocapnia

Answer 24

decrease in CO2 in blood
causes increase in blood pH
decrease breathing rate/depth to hold onto more CO2

Question 25

higher brain center influence on respiratory rate

Answer 25

1. hypothalamic controls: strong emotion and pain send information from hypothalamus/limbic system to the respiratory centers 2. cortical controls: we can override the respiratory centers to control our own breathing/depth

Question 26

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

Answer 26

group of conditions characterized by a physiological inability to expel air from the lungs labored breathing, coughing, pulmonary infection irreversible

Question 27

emphysema COPD

Answer 27

permanent enlargement of the alveoli and eventual destruction of their walls bronchioles collapse during expiration: trap air in alveoli

Question 28

chronic bronchitis COPD

Answer 28

Chronic production of excess mucous due to inhaled irritants mucous not removed: bacteria and microorganisms thrive in stagnant mucous so infection is frequent

Question 29

Asthma

Answer 29

temporary bronchospasm attacks followed by a period of symptom-free treatment: inhaled corticosteroids and/or bronchodilators

Question 30

tuberculosis

Answer 30

bacterial disease spread through inhaled air 33% of world is infected but not active

Question 31

sleep apnea

Answer 31

temporary cessation of breathing while sleeping must wake up during sleeping to resume breathing

Question 32

obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 32

upper airways collapse during sleep most common in men CPAP machines: constantly blow air into passages to prevent collapse

Question 33

central sleep apnea

Answer 33

respiratory centers of brain slack during sleep: breathing rhythm/rate not maintained