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chapter 24 Flashcards

part 1

1
Q

nutrients

A

any substance the body uses for growth repair and maintenance

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2
Q

macronutrients

A

carbs, lipids, proteins
make up most of our diet

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3
Q

micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals
only required in small amounts

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4
Q

sources of carbohydrates in diet

A

plants
dairy (lactose)
meats (glycogen)

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5
Q

uses of carbohydrates

A
  1. ATP production by body
    - monosaccharide glucose used
  2. nucleic acid synthesis w pentose sugars
  3. glycocalyx formation
    - sugar coating on the outside of our cells that allows the immune system to recognize self vs. non-self
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6
Q

nutritional requirements of carbs

A

45-60% of daily caloric intake

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7
Q

complex carbohydrates

A

grains and plant-based sources that are unprocessed nutrient rich

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8
Q

empty carbohydrates

A

processed sugars (soda, candy etc.)
no nutritional value

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9
Q

sources of lipids in diets

A

triglycerides
cholestral

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10
Q

types of tryglycerides

A

saturated
unsaturated

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11
Q

saturated triglycerides

A

meat, dairy, margarine
more solid at room temperature
bonds are short and close

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12
Q

cholesterol

A

85% produced by liver regardless of lipid intake
The remaining 15% comes from eggs, dairy etc.

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13
Q

unsaturated triglycerides

A

nuts, seeds, olive oil etc
more plant-based
more liquid at room temp
bonds are longer and spread apart

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14
Q

uses of lipids

A
  1. build adipose tissue
  2. phospholipids used for cell membrane
  3. bile salt, steroid hormones and other molecule construction
  4. absorbing fat soluble molecules
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15
Q

nutritional requirements for lipids

A

20-35% of caloric intake
limit saturated fat intake and cholesterol intake

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16
Q

sources of proteins

A

complete proteins
incomplete proteins

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17
Q

complete priteins

A

Meet all the body’s amino acid requirements
ex. Egg, meat, dairy, fish
animal sources

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18
Q

incomplete proeins

A

are short one or moe amino acids
ex, seeds, nuts, legumes
plant sources
EXCEPTION: SOYBEANS

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19
Q

Uses of proteins

A
  1. structural molecules
    - keratin, collagen, elastic, muscle protein
  2. functional molecules
    - enzymes and hormones
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20
Q

nutritional requirements for proteins

A

0.8 g protein per kg of body weight

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21
Q

nitrogen balance

A

when the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein. breakdown

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22
Q

positive nitrogen balance

A

protein synthesis is greater then protein breakdown
ex, growing children, pregnant people, tissue repair
consuming more AA build more

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23
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A

protein breakdown is greater than protein synthesis
ex. stress, low protein content or quality in diet or starvation

24
Q

when are amino acids not used by the body

A
  1. inadequate dietary intake
  2. insufficient amino acid supply
  3. hormonal controls
25
vitamins
act as coenzymes: assist enzymes in accomplishing various tasks
26
sources of vitamins
made by body: vitamin d, k and b diet
27
primary sources of minerals
legumes, vegetables, dairy
28
primary function of minerals
structural: used to build other structures balance between uptake and excretion is necessary: like fat-soluble vitamins toxic overload can occur
29
metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the cells of the body that is used to provide energy for vital processes and synthesizing new materials
30
anabolic
building larger more complex molecules from small subdivisions
31
catabolic
breaks down larger molecules into smaller subdivisions
32
example of catabolic reactions
cellular respiration: form ATP from the breakdown of food fuels (glucose)
33
oxidation
the loss of electrons (or gain in O2) oxidized substance - loses electrons
34
reduction
the gain of electrons (or loss of O2) coupled with oxidation when one substance loses electrons the other must gain electrons
35
why are redox reactions important
how we produce ATP
36
most coenzymes derived from
B complex vitamins
37
important coenzymes
1. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) 2. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
38
once inside cell glucose converted to
glucose-6-phosphate
39
why is the conversion of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate imporant
glucose travels from high to low concentrations keeps concentration of glucose low in cell to keep bringing in glucose
40
most preferred source for ATP production
glucose
41
how is glucose- 6-phosphate produced
adding a phosphate group from ATP
42
substrate level phosphylation
the direct transfer of a phosphate group to an ADP molecule glycolysis and citric acid cycle : 4 ATP
43
oxidative phosphorylation
the transfer of a phosphate group to an ADP molecule by the oxidation of food fuels and transfers of electrons electron transport chain: 28 ATP
44
glycolysis
occurs in cytosol of cell
45
is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic: doesn't beed oxygen for reaction to take place
46
what goes in glycolysis
glucose
47
what comes out of glycolysis
2 NADH + H+ 2 pyruvic acid Net gain of 2 ATP
48
what happens to pyruvic acid from glycolysis when oxygen is available
pumped into citric acid cycle
49
what happens to pyruvic acid from glycolysis when oxygen is not avaible
converted into lactic acid when O2 becomes available oxidized into pyruvic acid again
50
citric acid cycle
occurs in mitochondrial matrix
51
is the citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic doesn't directly use oxygen but the products from the citric acid cycle are used in ETC which does require oxygen
52
what goes in citric acid cycle
acetly CoA (derived from pyruvic acid)
53
what comes our for a single turn
3 CO2 molecules 4 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP
54
electron tranport chain
occurs in inner mitoxhindrial membnrane
55
is the ETC aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic: directly utilizes O2
56
what goes in ETC
NADH and FADH2 oxygen
57
what comes out of ETC
28 atp 6 h20 molecules

anatomy (20 decks)

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