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chapter 23 part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

small intestine

A

extends from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal value

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2
Q

3 subdivisions of small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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3
Q

duodenum

A

1st portion of small intestine
most important for digestion and absorption

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4
Q

digestive juices of liver and pancreas empty into duodenum via

A

major duodenal papilla

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5
Q

jejunum

A

connects duodenum to ileum

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6
Q

ileum

A

connects small intestine to large intestine at the ileocecal valve

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7
Q

circular folds

A

permenant folding of the submucosa and mucosa
small intestine

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8
Q

function of circular folds

A

forces chyme to move slowly- increase absorptive capacity of small intestine

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9
Q

villi

A

projections of mucosa
small intestine
largest in the dudoenum

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10
Q

function of villi

A

increase surface area of small intestine to increase absorption

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11
Q

microvilli

A

villi on villi that creates a brush border

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12
Q

brush border enzymes

A

found on microvilli to complete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins

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13
Q

intestinal crypts

A

tubular glands in the walls of the small intestine
contains different types of cells that secrete products

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14
Q

cells of villi and crypts

A

enterocytes
goblet cells
enteroendocrine cells
paneth cells
stem cells

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15
Q

enterocytes

A

simple columnar cells w microvilli
secrete intestinal juice in crypts

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16
Q

goblet cells

A

mucus-secreting cells

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17
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

release various hormones to control bile/pancreatic/intestinal juice secretion

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18
Q

paneth cells

A

release defensins and lysozyme

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19
Q

stem cells

A

continuously dividing cells that replenish mucosa
can replace any 4 above cells

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20
Q

segmentation

A

contractions in the small intestine that slow rate of movement of chyme
contractions push chyme back and forth

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21
Q

after a meal

A

parasympathetic enhances segmentation
chyme is moved slowly to increase digestion and absorption

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22
Q

between meals

A

hormone motilin releases when most absorption has already occurred

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23
Q

what does motiltin do

A

Long peristaltic waves begin in small intestine and move waste, debris, and sloughed cells toward large intestine

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24
Q

ileocecal valve

A

controls passage of materials from small intestine to large intestine

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25
ileocecal valve closed but relaxes due to
gastroileal reflex (segmentation) gastrin: hormone that increases small intestine motility and relaxes ileocecal valve
26
the large intestine
also called colon which leads to the outside
27
gross anatomy of the colon
teniae coli haustra epiploic appendages
28
teniae coli
bands of smooth muscle tissue from the longitudinal layer has tone: slightly contracted at all times pull on walls of large intestine which creates pockets
29
haustra
pockets formed from teniae coli gives colon segmented appearance contractions of individual haustra aid motility in large intestine
30
epiploic appendanges
fat filled pitches that hang from the surface of the large intestine
31
6 subdivisions of the large intestine
1. cecum 2. appendix 3. colon 4. sigmoid colon 5. rectum 6. anus
32
cecum
sac like structure making up first part of the large intestine
33
appendix
extends off from the cecum lymphoid organ - MALT stores extra bacteria: can recolonize gut when necessary
34
appendicitis
bacteria proliferate: appendix inflamed, swollen and becomes infected
35
colon
ascending colon transverse colon descending colon
36
ascending colonn
travels up right side of abdominal wall
37
transverse colon
crosses abdomen left to right sharp left turn
38
descending colon
travels down left side of abdominal cavity
39
sigmoid colon
point at which colon enters the pelvis
40
rectum
temporary holding site for feces contains rectal valves: prevent feces being passed with gas
41
anus
opens to the exterior of the body end of the alimentary canal
42
two sphincters of anus
internal anal sphincter external anal sphincter
43
internal anal sphincter
composed of smooth muscle involuntary: opens/closes due to reflex
44
external anal sphincter
composed of skeletal muscle tissue voluntary: decide when we use the bathroom
45
tissue of the large intestine
simple columnar epithelia
46
does digestion occur in large intestine
NO no villi, brush border or circular folds
47
abundant crypts in large intestines
packed with goblet cells: mucus secreted reduces friction from movement of solid waste
48
importance of bacterial flora in large intestine
1. vitamin synthesis: b-complex vitamins, some vitamin K synthesized by gut bacteria 2. fermentation: bacteria can ferment indigestible carbohydrates and mucin
49
mass movements of large intestine
1.force residue toward rectum 2.promotes final drying out of feces: last water removed 3.fiber strengths mass movements and softens feces
50
defecation reflex
initiated by stretching of rectal walls
51
What happens in defecation reflex
sigmoid colon and rectum contract and internal anal sphincter relaxes allowed by opening of the external sphincter
52
primary mechanism of digestion
enzymatic hydrolysis
53
enzymatic hydrolysis
enzymes breaks down large food molecules to monomers add h20 to break down bonds
54
what enzymes are responsible for molecule breakdown
pancreatic enzymes
55
what is necessary for fat digestion
lipases and bile
56
absorption
substances must move through enterocytes from the apical membrane to basal membrane of small intestine
57
what substances are moved passively
nonpolar substances
58
sources of carbohydrates
polysaccharides disaccharides monosaccharides
59
polysaccharides
starch and glycogen found in meat broken down into oligosaccharides: chains of 2-8 glucose molecules
60
disaccharides
sucrose: sugar in fruit lactose: milk sugar maltose: grain sugar
61
monosaccharides
glucose fructose galactose these are the carbohydrate monomers absorbed by the small intestine
62
polysaccharides broken into oligosaccharides and dissacharides by
pancreatic amylase
63
what brush border enzymes break down oligosaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides
dextrinase and glucoamylase
64
monosaccharides transport through
enterocyte
65
glucose and galactose
secondary active transport Na comes in w these substabces
66
fructose
facilitated diffusion
67
Monosaccharides exit enterocyte at
basal membrane facilitated diffusion
68
sources of proteins
dietary proteins enzyme proteins proteins from sloughed/disintegrated mucosal cells
69
monomer of protein
amino acid
70
proteins are broken down by
pancreatic proteases
71
break down larger proteins into smaller fragments
trypsin and chymotrypsin
72
split off individual amino acids
carboxypeptides
73
amino acids are transported into enterocyte via
secondary active transport use na ion
74
split remaining protein fragments into individual amino acids
brush border enzymes
75
amino acids exit enterocute via
facilitated diffusion
76
sources of lipids
tryglycerides
77
monomer of triglycerides
fatty acids and monoglycerides

anatomy (19 decks)

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