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chapter 25 Flashcards

exam 3

1
Q

how much fluid filtered from blood every day by kidneys

A

200 L

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2
Q

function of the kidneys

A

maintaining the composition of the bodys extracellluar fluids by filtering the blood

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3
Q

maintaining extracelluar fluid involves

A
  1. Regulate total body water volume and concentration of solutes in water
  2. regulate concentration of ions in ECF
  3. Acid- base balance
  4. remove toxins, metabolic wastes and other foreign substances
  5. hormone production of EPO and renin
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4
Q

where do the kidneys lie

A

between the parietal peritoneum and the dorsal body wall

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5
Q

do kidneys have a visceral peritoneum

A

no
retroperitoneal organs

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6
Q

renal hilum

A

ureters, renal blood vessels and lymphatics enter here

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7
Q

adrenal gland

A

sits immediately superior to each kidney

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8
Q

supporting external structures of the kidney

A

renal fascia
perirenal fat capsule
fibrous capsule

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9
Q

renal fascia

A

-dense connective tissue
-anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures
prevents slipping

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10
Q

perirenal fat capsule

A

-fat mass surrounding the kidneys
-adipose tissue
- cushions kidneys from physical trauma (blow to back wont damage kidneys)

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11
Q

fibrous capsule

A
  • thin, transparent capsule
  • prevents disease from spreading to the kidneys from other body parts
  • tough: hard for pathogens to pass
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12
Q

3 major internal regions of the kidneys

A

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis

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13
Q

renal cortex

A
  • outermost region
  • provides area for glomerular capillaries and blood vessel passage, and EPO and renin production here
    BLOOD FILTERING HERE
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14
Q

renal medulla

A
  • internal portion
  • contains renal pyramids: packed w capillaries and urine collecting tubules
    -allows for water reabsorption, electrolyte balance, disposal of waste and H+ ions (secretion)
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15
Q

renal pelvis

A

-open space in the center of each kidney
- pelvis branches to form major calyces
- major calyces lead into minor calyces at the top of each pyramid
function: urine collection from renal medulla

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16
Q

blood supply to the kidneys

A

renal arteries
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
cortical radiate arteries

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17
Q

renal arteries

A

deliver to the kidneys and divide into smaller blood vessels to serve major regions of kidney

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18
Q

segmental arteries

A

-5
- blood reaches all of the kidneys

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19
Q

interlobar arteries

A

travel between renal pyramids
branches of segmental arteries

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20
Q

arcuate arteries

A

arc over bases of pyramids

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21
Q

cortical radiate arteries

A

supply renal cortex

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22
Q

veins trace arterial supply but in reverse

A

cortical radiate veins
arcuate veins
interlober veins
renal veins : meets w postcava and returns blood to the heart

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23
Q

renal plexus

A
  • autonomic nerve fibers and ganglia
  • Sympathetic vasomotor fibers regulate blood supply to each kidney
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24
Q

function of renal plexus

A

adjusts diameter of renal arterioles to adjust blood flow to the kidneys
importance of changing blood flow to the kidneys: changes blood volume and blood pressure

25
nephrons
-functional unit of the kidney -responsible for forming filtrate and eventually urine in the kidneys
26
genal structure of the nephron
renal corpuscle renal tubule
27
renal corpuscle
-filters blood to form filtrate -located entirely within renal cortex
28
renal tubule
-reabsorbs some substances from the filtrate and secretes other substances into filtrate -begins in renal cortex extends into renal medulla and returns to renal cortex
29
What happens to anything secreted into the filtrate or not reabsorbed from filtrate
becomes urine
30
filtration
the mass movement of solutes and water from the plasma into the renal corpuscle and renal tubules
31
reabsorption
the process by which the nephrons remove water and solutes from the filtrate and return it into the blood
32
secretion
the process by which excess ions(K+ H+, etc.) and waste products are pumped back into the filtrate after it has been reabsorbed
33
subdivisions of the renal corpuscle
glomerulus glomerulur capsule
34
glomerulus
- cluster of capillaries - blood enters glomerulus via afferent arteriole and leaves via efferent arteriole - very porous: maximize fluid kidneys can filter
35
why does the glomerulus only use arterioles
keeps pressure in the glomerulus higher to form filtrate
36
what is the name of the fluid produced by the glomerulus
- filtrate - raw material used to produce urine
37
glomerular capsule
-double-layered structure that surrounds glomerular capillaries
38
podocytes and foot processes
- inner layer of glomerular capsule - forms a filter: prevents proteins and RBC from leaving and entering filtrate
39
subdivisions of renal tubules
1. proximal convoluted tubule 2. nephron loop 3. distal convoluted tubule 4. collecting ducts
40
proximal convoluted tubule
- leads immediately off from the glomerulus - located in renal cortex - large cuboidal epithelial cells w dense microvilli: increase SA for substances to cross
41
nephron loop
- travels between cortex and medulla - has 2 parts: descending limb and ascending limb - allows the kidneys to vary the concentration of urine according to how much water is reabsorbed at the nephron loop
42
descending limb
leads off from PCT high permeability to water, impermeable to solutes
43
ascending limb
continuous with DCT high permeability to solutes, impermeable to water
44
distal convoluted tubule
-located in cortex - small cuboidal epithelia - smaller diameter than PCT, no microvilli - less SA than PCT: reabsorption and secretion almost complete by the time filtrate reaches DCT
45
collecting ducts
A. Principal cells: maintain Na+ balance in body - important for H2O volume B. Intercalated cells: help maintain acid-base balance - each collecting duct receives filtrate from tubules of multiple nephrons - collecting ducts fuse together, dump urine into minor calyces
46
types of nephrons
1. Cortical nephrons 2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
47
cortical nephrons
-located almost entirely in cortex -small portion of nephron loop in medulla
48
juxtamedullary nephron
nephron loop deeply invades renal medulla very important for highly concentrated urine: more H2) reabsorption
49
how does change in nephron structure affect urine formation
change length of loop: change concentration of urine
50
capillary beds of nephrons
glomerulus peritubular capillaries vasa recta
51
peritubular capillaries
-low pressure capillaries arising from efferent arteriole -cling to proximal and distal tubules of cortical nephrons -reabsorb water and solutes from tubules - empty into cortical radiate veins
52
vasa recta
-found only on juxtamedullary nephrons - run parallel to the long nephron loop - help form concentrated urine - reabsorb more H20 from the filtrate and return it into the blood
53
juxtaglomerular complex
-portion of nephron where portion of ascending limb lies against afferent and efferent arterioles - regulate blood pressure and filtration rate of glomerulus
54
3 cellular modifications of juxtaglomerular complex
1. macula densa 2. granular cells 3. extraglomerular mesangial cells
55
macula densa
-chemoreceptor cells - Monitor NaCl content of filtrate entering DCT -If NaCl in filtrate is high it is not being reabsorbed: moving too quickly through the nephron glomerular capillaries making too much filtrate: give less blood to a capillary vasoconstrict the afferent arteriole
56
granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
-specialized smooth muscle cells - found in arteriolar walls of afferent arteriole - sense blood pressure - stimulated by macula densa cells
57
granular cells contain granules
- secrete renin - affects efferent arteriole - low NaCl concentration: increased renin release - not enough filtrate - low pressure in arteriole: increased renin release
58
extraglomerular mesangial cells
- packed between tubules and arterioles - function is unknown - maybe allowing messages from macula densa cells to reach granular cells - very important

anatomy (20 decks)

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