Chapter 22 Review Sheet

Question 1

Geocentric Theory

Answer 1

The Geocentric Theory is that the EARTH is the CENTER of the UNIVERSE. The church taught this - as did Aristotle.

Question 2

Scientific Revolutions

Answer 2

began in the 1500s. Change in European thought; careful OBSERVATION.

Question 3

Heliocentric Theory

Answer 3

Earth and other planets revolve around the sun

Question 4

Scientific Method

Answer 4

The Scientific Method was a LOGICAL PROCEDURE used for gathering data and TESTING IDEAS.

Question 5

Enlightenment

Answer 5

Stressed REASON & THOUGHT and power of individuals to SOLVE PROBLEMS.

Question 6

Social Contract

Answer 6

Agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights and liberties. Creates an organized society / government

Question 7

Philosophes

Answer 7

One of a group of social thinkers (France) during enlightenment.

Question 8

Salon

Answer 8

Social gatherings where philosophers, writers, artists, scientists and other intellects gathered to discuss ideas.

Question 9

Baroque

Answer 9

Style of art with grand ornate designs

Question 10

Neoclassical

Answer 10

classical art influenced by greeks / romans; simple elegant style

Question 11

Enlightened Despot

Answer 11

One of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect rights of subject.

Question 12

Copernicus

Answer 12

Copernicus proposed the HELIOCENTRIC theory.
“On Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies” - He published his results late in his life because he was afraid of persecution from the church.

Question 13

Kepler

Answer 13

Kepler was a MATHEMATICIAN who proved an ELLIPTICAL rotation of planets AROUND THE SUN.
** “Laws of Planetary Motion” **

Question 14

Galileo

Answer 14

Galileo was an Italian SCIENTIST. He built a TELESCOPE and PROVED HELIOCENTRIC theory using observation. He was PERSECUTED by the church.
** “Starry Messenger” **

Question 15

Sir Isaac Newton

Answer 15

Newton was an English SCIENTIST / LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION. It stated that all objects affect each other. (The universe is like a giant clock.)
** “Principles of Natural Philosophy” **

Question 16

Sir Francis Bacon

Answer 16

(1600s) - Bacon was an English STATESMAN and WRITER who LOVED SCIENCE. He urged scientists to USE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD and not rely on old methods.

Question 17

Descartes

Answer 17

Linked geometry and algebra with logic

Question 18

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 18

believed all humans were naturally selfish and wicked. He gave up rights to a strong ruler

Question 19

John Locke

Answer 19

English POLITICAL THINKER. He believed that the GOVERNMENT exists to PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS. He believed people can improve and should govern themselves.

Question 20

Voltaire

Answer 20

He believed in FREEDOM OF RELIGION & SPEECH. He was jailed for his comments.

Question 21

Montesquieu

Answer 21

French POLITICAL THINKER. He believed in the SEPARATION OF STATE POWERS and CHECKS & BALANCES. His ideas were used widely in the Declaration of Independence.

Question 22

Rousseau

Answer 22

French social thinker. He believed in INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM and thought that the NOBILITY should be abolished. He wrote “The Social Contract”.

Question 23

Wollstonecraft

Answer 23

English FEMALE SOCIAL THINKER. She believed and advocated for WOMEN’s RIGHTS. She wrote “The Vindication of the Rights of a Woman”

Question 24

Denis Diderot

Answer 24

created the encyclopedia

Question 25

Fredrick the Great

Answer 25

Prussian King He was committed to REFORM

Question 26

Joseph II

Answer 26

Austria / Holy Roman Empire = legal reforms / abolished serfdom

Question 27

Catherine the Great

Answer 27

Russian ruler from 1762 to 1796. She was an ENLIGHTENED DESPOT - an absolute ruler. Port on Black Sea; expanded Russian territories

Question 28

The role of the Renaissance and Reformation in the beginnings of the Scientific Revolution

Answer 28

The Renaissance and Reformation INTRODUCED the idea of being CURIOUS and QUESTIONING OLD IDEAS. Humanism (improving ones self) and debating were part of the Renaissance.

Question 29

Importance of the printing press to the Scientific Revolution

Answer 29

The printing press was important to the Scientific Revolution because it allowed ideas to be spread so much more quickly. Instead of relying on word of mouth, printed materials could be distributed.

Question 30

Differences between the geocentric and heliocentric theories

Answer 30

+++ Geo-centric means that the EARTH is in the CENTER. The rotation of SUN & PLANETS is in a perfect CIRCLE. +++ Helio-centric means that the SUN is in the CENTER. The rotation of the EARTH & planets is in an ELLIPSE (oval).

Question 31

Galileo's findings and punishment by the Catholic Church

Answer 31

Galileo was an Italian scientist who made discoveries about the ROUGH SURFACE OF PLANETS, supported HELIOCENTRIC theory, and INVENTED the FIRST TELESCOPE. ++ He was one of the first to share his work publicly. +++Church attacked his findings FEARING it would WEAKEN FAITH of believers. +++ Pope forced him to SAY HIS FINDINGS WERE FALSE.

Question 32

Importance of new instruments like the microscope and telescope

Answer 32

Scientists discovered the MICROSCOPE, BAROMETER, and THERMOMETER. These instruments allowed scientists to make better (more accurate) observations and NEW DISCOVERIES. +++ Knowledge of HUMAN ANATOMY and the first VACCINATION came about.

Question 33

Concept of applying reason and logic to the enlightenment (Gov't, society, etc)

Answer 33

Power of individuals to solve problems; Age of reason

Question 34

Hobbes & Locke: (Social Contract vs. Natural Rights)

Answer 34

- Hobbes (social contract) all humans basically selfish and wicked; need governments to keep order. People had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler= gained law and order. social contract = where people create a government / impose order and demand obedience - Locke more positive view of humans; people learn from experience and improve themselves. Have natural ability to govern their own affairs /all people are born free and equal with 3 natural rights ( life / liberty / property); purpose of the government is to protect these rights

Question 35

The 5 core concepts of the Enlightenment philosophes.

Answer 35

5 Concepts that formed the core beliefs of the philosopher beliefs. - Reason - you can arrive at truth through logic thinking and process - Liberty - freedom of speech, religion - Happiness - search for happiness in this life not the hereafter - Nature - what is natural is good - Progress - we can do better with society (gov’t, social issues)

Question 36

Basic ideas of Montisquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau

Answer 36

Rousseau - The Social Contract -He believed in INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM and thought that the NOBILITY should be ABOLISHED. Montesquieu - Spirit of Laws - He believed in the SEPARATION OF STATE POWERS and CHECKS & BALANCES. Voltaire - Freedom of Speech -He believed in FREEDOM OF RELIGION & SPEECH. He was jailed for his comments.

Question 37

Wollstonecraft's new view of women, women's rights.

Answer 37

Wollstonecraft's views could be viewed as the beginning of the women's rights movement. She encouraged women to enter male-dominated fields like medicine and politics. She said that women needed an education to be virtuous and useful.

Question 38

Legacy of the Enlightenment (progress, secularism, importance of individual)

Answer 38

There are 3 main lasting effects of the Enlightenment on society. 1) Progress - HUMAN REASON can SOLVE PROBLEMS. 2) Secular (non-religious) outlook 3) Individualism - Use your own reason, not what your tradition says, to judge right and wrong. MADE A DIFFERENCE.

Question 39

Importance of Diderot's Encyclopedia

Answer 39

Diderot created a large set of articles and essays called the Encyclopedia beginning in 1751. Works from many of the leading scholars were published for review in the volumes. Church censors banned the book saying that it fostered corruption & unbelief. This did not stop the book from being published.

Question 40

Difference between Baroque and Neoclassical styles.

Answer 40

Baroque style was pre-Enlightment - it was ORNATE (almost gaudy). Neoclassical style was during the Enlightment and it was more simple and elegant - borrowing from classical Greek & Roman.

Question 41

Enlightened despots (who, where, what)

Answer 41

monarchs that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit. "Absolute ruler" -supported philosophers ideas but they also had no intention of giving up power (2) desires: wanted to make their countries stronger and their own rule more effective

Question 42

Influences of the Enlightenment of the American Revolution/government.

Answer 42

colonial leaders decided to break away from their ruling country and find an independent republic.

Question 43

Why was the Catholic Church so resistant to the ideas of the Scientific Revolution. Why did they feel threatened, and what steps did they take to combat it? Finally, how successful were they in their efforts

Answer 43

- question authority and traditions - if proven wrong, you could lose credibility - most knowledge up to that point came from the Bible - question Bible, question God. - could weaken peoples faith

Question 44

What is the concept of "Enlightened Despotism"? Who were the enlightened despots of Europe? Pick one as an example and describe how she/he used Enlightenment principles to govern their country.

Answer 44

Frederick the Great (Prussia) - religious freedoms abolished use of torture - reduced censorship "first servant of the state" - improved education -serve /strengthen country Joseph II (Austria /Holy Roman Empire) - freedom of the press - freedom of worship * abolished serfdom