Chapter 23 Review Sheet Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
Old Regime
A
Old social and political system of France
2
Q
Estate
A
social class.
3
Q
Estates General
A
Assembly of representatives from each of the 3 estates.
4
Q
National Assembly
A
Third estate delegates
5
Q
Tennis Court Oath
A
pledge made by the members of the National Assembly (3rd estate) in which they vowed to continue meeting until there was a new constitution
6
Q
Great Fear
A
Senseless panic that spread through France after storming at Bastille.
7
Q
Emigre
A
Nobles who fled France; wanted to restore Old Regime
8
Q
Sans-Culotte
A
parisian workers who wanted change
9
Q
Guillotine
A
National razor
10
Q
Reign of Terror
A
period of rule under Robespierre
11
Q
Coup d’Etat
A
A sudden seizure of power.
12
Q
Plebiscite
A
vote of the people.
13
Q
Lycee
A
government run public school
14
Q
Concordant
A
agreement
15
Q
Blockade
A
forcible closing of ports
16
Q
Continental System
A
Napoleon’s policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and Continental Europe intended to destroy Great Britain’s economy
17
Q
Guerilla
A
Spanish peasant fighters
18
Q
Scorched-earth Policy
A
burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing for the enemy to eat
19
Q
Balance of Power
A
where no one country would be a threat to others
20
Q
Legitimacy
A
hereditary right of a monarch to rule
21
Q
Louis XVI
A
helped Americans during Revolution
22
Q
Marie Antoinette
A
Wife of Louis XVI Madame Deficit
23
Q
Jean Paul Marat
A
writings stirred up violent moods; newspaper writer
24
Q
Maximillien Robespierre
A
Jacobin leader, “Reign of Terror”
25
Georges Danton
Jacobin lawyer; devoted to the rights of poor people
26
Jacobins
members of the radical political organization (Marat / Danton)
27
Napoleon Bonaparte
Greatest most important French General
28
Joseph Bonaparte
brother of Napoleon who became king of Spain
29
Alexander I
Russian Czar who refused to stop selling grain to Britain
30
Fredrick William III
King of Prussia; helped defeat Napoleon at Waterloo
31
Louis XVIII
Louis XVI's brother; unpopular with peasants; suspected of wanting to undo the Revolution's land reforms
32
Duke of Wellington
British military leader; defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
33
Klemens von Metternich
Foreign minister of Austria. (Concert of Europe)
34
Francis I
Emperor of Austria; signed the Holy Alliance with Prussia/Russia
35
Political Spectrum (beliefs, reactions to change)
Radical: Want change NOW with violence
Liberal: Work in system
Moderate: Down the middle
The Conservative: Likes things the way they are.
The Reactionary: Wants to retreat into the past
*Liberals want change; willing to work within the system
*Conservatives Don't necessarily want change but willing to work
36
Financial crisis in France
*Heavy burden of taxes raises cost of living;
*Bad weather caused crop failures
*Debt from the American revolution
"Madame Deficit" - inherited debt from her father
37
The Estates System under the Old Regime
1st Estate - Clergy - paid no taxes- 10% of land
2nd Estate - Nobles -paid no taxes- 20% of land
2% of population
3rd Estate - Bourgeoisie (middle class)
-bankers -factory owners
-merchants -professionals
- Workers (poorest group)
-laborers
- Peasants (Largest group)
-80% of population
-paid 1/2 their income in taxes/tithes
38
Role of Enlightenment in the background of the French Revolution.
* Began to demand equality / liberty / democracy
| * Questioned long standing notions about structure of society
39
Calling of the Estates General, voting controversies, and forming of the National Assembly
* each estate had ONE vote even though 3rd estate represented 97% of the people.
* National assembly: 3rd Estates delegates>demand for a new constitution
40
Storming the Bastille & Great Fear as radical events
Both Radical
* Storming of the Bastille: senseless panic; peasants with pitchforks and farm tools broke into nobles' homes and destroyed legal papers that bound them to papy feudal dues.
* Great Fear: mob searching for gunpowder; killed many guards.
41
The Reign of Terror and the Jacobins
Reign of terror:
*Robespierre = goal was to eliminate all opposition to the revolution
*Committee of Public safety = formed to put any possible conspirators on trial
Jacobins:
1. peasants horrified by King's execution
2. priests who would not accept government control
3. rival leaders who were stirring up rebellion in the provinces
End of terror: death of Robespierre
42
Changes in French society during the Reign of Terror
```
Calendar = (3) ten day weeks
no sundays (seen as religious)
Catholic Church = closed all churches throughout France
Committee on Public safety = started trials / executions
Constitution = places limits on King's power
```
43
Execution of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
* see changes as radical; try to flee to Austria; caught and brought back to Paris (seen as traitors)
* executed
44
Napoleon's rise to power and coup d'etat
* defeats royalist rebels attacking National Convention
* wins in Italy
* coup d'etat = seizure of power from the Directory
* defeats British, Russians, Austrians
45
5 Great Power of Congress of Vienna
* Russia, Austria, Britain, Prussia, France
- guided the decisions
* series of meetings where European leaders establish long - lasting peace and security
46
Napoleon's reforms of French Society and the Napoleonic Code
* National banking system
* Lycees- government run public schools to train officials
* signs CONCORDAT - agreement w/pope restoring catholicism in France
* plebiscite - vote of the people
- Napoleonic Code = uniform system of laws
47
Napoleon's major mistakes
* entering Russia during cold weather
* Battle of Trafalgar = Britain defeats and establishes itself as a power again
* France back to monarchy
* waterloo
* continental system
* sending troops through Spain
48
Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon's exile
* Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon = defeated
* surrenders and is exiled to Elba
* Louis XVIII is overthrown and Napoleon returns from exile
* beat at waterloo
- Exiled to St. Helena
49
Major alliance groups formed at the Congress of Vienna
* Holy alliance + Russia, Prussia, Austria (combat revolution)
* Concert of Europe = series of alliances led by Metterck
- ensure that nations would help one another if any revolution broke out
50
Long term effects of the Congress of Vienna on Europe
* diminished power /size of France
* power of Britain and Prussia increased
* nationalism spread --> explode into revolutions --> new nations formed
* people saw democracy as the best way to ensure equality and justice for all
51
Duties privileges and members of each estate
1st Estate: Clergy - owned 10% of the land - exempt from taxes
2nd Estate: Nobles - 2% of the population - owned 20% of the land
3rd Estate: ~Bourgeois (middle class) - bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals
~Workers (poorest group) - laborers
~Peasants (largest group) - 80% of the population - paid half of their income in taxes
