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ISSA Nutritionist (NEW) > Chapter 3: Metabolism and Energy Balance > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Metabolism and Energy Balance Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

The process of converting ingested nutrients into energy in the body.

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2
Q

Energy

A

The usable power derived from nutrient sources.

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3
Q

Energy balance

A

The symmetry between nutrient consumption and energy demands of the body.

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4
Q

Chemical energy

A

The energy released as the bonds that hold chemicals together are broken.

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5
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius at a pressure of 1 atmosphere.

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6
Q

Calorie yield of a carbohydrate

A

4 kcals

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7
Q

Calorie yield of a protein

A

4 kcals

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8
Q

Calorie yield of stored fat from carbohydrate source

A

3.27 kcals

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9
Q

Calorie yield of a fat

A

9 kcals

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10
Q

Calorie yield of alcohol

A

7 kcals

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11
Q

Calorimeter

A

A tool to measure heat production and energy expenditure

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12
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

A way to measure energy expenditure in a chamber measuring ambient heat increases.

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13
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

A way to measure energy expenditure by oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced.

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14
Q

Resting metabolic rate

A

The energy expenditure of metabolic and physical processes when the body is at rest

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15
Q

Thermic effect of food

A

The energy expenditure associated with food consumption.

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16
Q

Diet-induced thermogenesis

A

The thermic effect of macronutrient digestion and absorption

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17
Q

Positive energy balance

A

More energy is consumed than is expended.

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18
Q

Negative energy balance

A

More energy is expended than is consumed

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19
Q

Cellular metabolism

A

The series of reaction converting nutrients to ATP

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20
Q

Adenosine Trihosphate

A

The cellular energy molecule

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21
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

The principle stating energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form to another.

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22
Q

Anabolic

A

The building process

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23
Q

Catabolic

A

The breakdown process

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24
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein catalyzing chemical reactions.

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25
ATPase
An enzyme catalyzing the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
26
Dephosphorylation
The process of removing a phosphate.
27
ATP-ADP cycle
A mechanism of allowing ATP to be quickly broken into ADP and the reformed
28
Rephosphylation
The process of adding a phosphate
29
ATP synthase
an enzyme creating ATP
30
ATP hydrolysis
An enzyme creating ATP. the breakdown of ATP while in the presence of water to release energy stored within its bonds.
31
Oxidative stress
The imbalance of reactive oxygen and the body's ability to detoxify or remove it.
32
Adenylate Kinase
An enzyme catalyzing the reaction between ATP and AMP to form two ADP molecules and vice versa.
33
Phosphocreatine
A molecule found in muscle and brain tissue donating phosphate to ADP to form ATP.
34
Phosphagen system
The combination of a muscle's stored ATP plus its phosphocreatine.
35
Glycolysis
The process of splitting a glucose molecule into a pair of pyruvate molecules.
36
Glucose
The smallest molecule a carbohydrate can be broken down into and used as an energy source.
37
Pyruvate
A three-carbon structure formed by splitting a glucose molecule
38
Anaerobic
A process that can occur without the help of oxygen
39
Anaerobic Glycolysis
The process of splitting a glucose molecule into a pair of pyruvate molecules to produce ATP when oxygen is low.
40
Aerobic metabolism
The breakdown of fuels to form ATP in the presence of oxygen.
41
Ketones
By-product of fatty acid metabolism that can be used for energy.
42
Sarcoplasm
The cytoplasm of striated muscle fiber
43
Creatine
A molecule synthesized in the liver and kidneys assisting reformation of ATP from ADP.
44
Creatine kinase
An enzyme catalyzing ADP to ATP and creatine to phosphocreatine.
45
Metabolic Acidosis
The reduction of cellular pH
46
Glycogen
The body' stored form of glucose
47
Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)
A coenzyme participating in glycolysis
48
NADH
The reduced form of NAD+ necessary for energy production.
49
Lactate dehydrogenase
An enzyme catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate and NADH into lactase and NAD+, and vice versa.
50
Aerobic metabolism
The breakdown of fuels to form ATP in the presence of oxygen.
51
Acetyl coenzyme A
The molecule entering the krebs cycle to start aerobic metabolism.
52
Krebs cycle
A series of chemical reactions within mitochondria to form ATP form the oxidation of Acetyl-CoA.
53
Electron Transport Chain
A metabolic pathway within mitochondria where most ATP molecules are formed during aerobic metabolism.
54
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Another name for electron transport chain
55
Cristae`
Folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria
56
Matrix
Part of the mitochondria that is filled with enzymes, water, and proteins as well as the organelle's own unique DNA and ribosomes.
57
Visceral fat
Fat stored around the midsection and major intra-abdominal organs
58
Subcutaneous fat
fat stored directly under the skin
59
Intramuscular fat
Fat stored within the muscles
60
Triglycerides
The stored form of fatty acids
61
Lipolysis
The breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids.
62
Glucagon
A hormone produced in the pancreas, increasing levels of glucose and fatty acids in the blood.
63
Ketoacidosis
A metabolic state where high levels of ketones are in the blood due to the fatty acid metabolism.
64
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
A compound produced in the krebs cycle supporting ATP formation.
65
Possible ATP production from Glucose
30-32
66
Possible ATP production from Fatty acids
106
67
Possible ATP production from Lactate
30-32
68
Possible ATP production from Ketones
22

ISSA Nutritionist (NEW) (18 decks)

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