Chapter 6 Concepts

Question 1

what in the blood transports substances to the body

Answer 1

red blood cells and plasma

Question 2

which cells fight infection

Answer 2

white blood cells

Question 3

what initiates the blood clotting process

Answer 3

platelets

Question 4

what are the blood components

Answer 4

plasma, blood cells– erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Question 5

How much blood does the average adult have

Answer 5

5 liters

Question 6

Where are blood cells produced

Answer 6

bone marrow

Question 7

what percent of the blood is plasma

Answer 7

55%

Question 8

plasma is _____ water and ______ dissolved substances

Answer 8

90-92% and 8-10%

Question 9

What are the dissolved proteins

Answer 9

albumin, gamma globulins, fibrinogen

Question 10

What does Albumin do

Answer 10

transport fatty substances

Question 11

what do gamma globulins do

Answer 11

act as antibodies

Question 12

what does fibrinogens do

Answer 12

they are clotting proteins

Question 13

red blood cells are considered _____ ______ disks

Answer 13

enucleated biconcave

Question 14

about how many red blood cells to adults have

Answer 14

35 trillion

Question 15

What is hemoglobin

Answer 15

gives erythrocytes their color, contains iron, responsible for transporting oxygen

Question 16

True or False: leukocytes are spherical with a large nucleus

Answer 16

true

Question 17

True or False: granulocytes have granules in cytoplasm

Answer 17

true

Question 18

True or False: Agranulocytes do not have granules

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what are the three types of granulocytes

Answer 19

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

Question 20

what is the function of basophils

Answer 20

release histamine and heparin to damaged tissue

Question 21

what is the function of eosinophils

Answer 21

destroy parasites and increase during allergic reactions

Question 22

what is the function of neutrophils

Answer 22

engulf foreign material and dead cells via phagocytosis

Question 23

what are the two types of agranulocytes

Answer 23

monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 24

what is the function of monocytes

Answer 24

engulf foreign and damaged cells via phagocytosis

Question 25

what is the function of lymphocytes

Answer 25

provide protection during the immune response

Question 26

true or false: platelets are the smallest formed element of the blood

Answer 26

true

Question 27

Why are platelets so critical for blood clotting

Answer 27

they agglutinate at a site of damage and release substances that contribute to clot formation

Question 28

Where are the marker proteins that make blood different from other blood

Answer 28

the surface of erythrocytes

Question 29

what does blood typing do

Answer 29

test if a donor is compatible with recipient blood

Question 30

What are the two possible red blood cell markers

Answer 30

A and B

Question 31

Type A blood produces _____ antibodies, which attack type ___ blood

Answer 31

anti-B, B

Question 32

Type B blood produces _____ antibodies , which attack type ___ blood

Answer 32

anti-A, A

Question 33

Type AB blood produces ____ antibodies

Answer 33

none

Question 34

What is the name for blood with no markers

Answer 34

Type O

Question 35

Type O produces ______ antibodies, and attack ____ blood types

Answer 35

anti-A and anti-B, all other

Question 36

Which blood type Is the universal donor

Answer 36

Type O

Question 37

which blood types is the universal recipient

Answer 37

Type AB

Question 38

What are the two possibilities for the Rh factor

Answer 38

Rh-positive and Rh-negative

Question 39

Blood with the Rh factor is _______ and does not make anti-Rh antibodies

Answer 39

Rh positive

Question 40

Blood without the Rh factor is ______ and makes anti- Rh antibodies

Answer 40

Rh-negative

Question 41

true or false: Rh-negative blood can receive either type

Answer 41

false; Rh-negative can only receive Rh-negative

Question 42

What is the lymphatic system

Answer 42

a network of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid and absorbed fats

Question 43

What are the organs of the lymphatic system

Answer 43

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils

Question 44

what are the purposes of the lymphatic system

Answer 44

collect lymph, assists with fat absorption, form the body's defense against pathogens

Question 45

What are ducts

Answer 45

one -way pipes that conduct lymph toward the thoracic cavity

Question 46

true or false: the network of lymphatic vessels is a low pressure system that uses valves to prevent backflow

Answer 46

true

Question 47

where do vessels drain

Answer 47

the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct

Question 48

lymph nodes house ____ and _____ that remove pathogens and cell debris from lymph

Answer 48

lymphocytes; antibodies

Question 49

where are the axillary lymph nodes located

Answer 49

the armpits

Question 50

where are the cervical lymph nodes located

Answer 50

the neck

Question 51

Where are the inguinal lymph nodes located

Answer 51

the groin area

Question 52

where are the mediastinal lymph nodes located

Answer 52

the chest

Question 53

What are the three sets of tonsils

Answer 53

palatine, pharyngeal (adenoids), and lingual

Question 54

What do tonsils do

Answer 54

act as filters to protect the body from pathogen invasion

Question 55

what does the spleen do

Answer 55

destroy old red blood cells, recycles iron, and stores blood

Question 56

where is the thymus located

Answer 56

the upper portion of the mediastinum

Question 57

the thymus secretes _____ which changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes

Answer 57

thymosin

Question 58

when does the thymus begin to shrink in size

Answer 58

adolescence

Question 59

what are the two form of immunity

Answer 59

natural immunity and acquired immunity

Question 60

what is natural immunity

Answer 60

non specific and does not require prior pathogen exposure

Question 61

what is acquired immunity

Answer 61

the body's response to a specific pathogen and may be passive or active

Question 62

How does active acquired immunity develop

Answer 62

through direct exposure to a pathogen

Question 63

what stimulate the immune response

Answer 63

antigens

Question 64

what are the two immune responses

Answer 64

humoral or antibody-mediated immunity and cellular or cell-mediated immunity

Question 65

name the type of immunity with the following characteristics: produces B lymphocytes or B cells, antibodies produced by B cells combine with antigens to from an antigen-antibody complex, targets pathogen for phagocytosis, prevents pathogen from harming healthy cells

Answer 65

Humoral Immunity

Question 66

name the immunity with the following characteristics: produces T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, these are cytotoxic defense cell, physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells

Answer 66

Cellular immunity

Question 67

______ infections are acquired in the hospital and take several forms

Answer 67

Nosocomial

Question 68

a pathogen is acquired from another person

Answer 68

cross-infection

Question 69

a person becomes infected again with the same pathogen

Answer 69

reinfection

Question 70

a pathogen spreads from one body site to another

Answer 70

self-inoculation

Question 71

What are some standard precaution to prevent nosocomial infections

Answer 71

wash hand before and after removing gloves, wash hands before and after working with patients and equipment, wear gloves when in contact with body fluids or have sores, wear a non permeable gown or apron during procedures, wear a mask and protective eyewear or face shield