chapter 6 notecards

Question 1

total amino acids

Answer 1

20

Question 2

total essential amino acids

cannot be made by the body

Answer 2

9

Question 3

nonessential amino acids

can be made by the body

Answer 3

11

Question 4

conditonally essential

nonessential becomes essential

Answer 4

7

Question 5

transfer amine group from one amino acid to another amino acid to make a new non-essential amino acid

Answer 5

transamination

Question 6

amino acids are connected by _______

Answer 6

peptide bonds

Question 7

sequential order of amino acids (order in which they appear in the protein)

Answer 7

primary structure

Question 8

twist or folding (ribbon-like curling)

Answer 8

secondary structure

Question 9

Further folding; 3D shape (globule) (when the ribbons curl back on each other)

Answer 9

tertiary structure

Question 10

interaction of 2+ chains (multiple protein globules that have to come together for the proteins to perform their specific function)

Answer 10

quaternary structure

Question 11

removal of amine group
occurs in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
creates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
liver converts to \_\_\_\_
this then travels to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
remaining C,H,O

Answer 11

deamination
liver
ammonia
urea
kidney

Question 12

chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions

Answer 12

enzymes

Question 13

chemical messengers in the body (created in one part of the body and travel to distant sites in the body to perform their action)

Answer 13

hormones

Question 14

transmit messages from nerve cell to nerve cell (chemical messengers particularly in our nervous system that help to communicate our nerve impulses from neuron to neuron)

Answer 14

neurotransmitters

Question 15

shuttle electrolytes across cell membranes

Answer 15

transport proteins

Question 16

– blood is too acidic (excessive hydrogen)

Answer 16

acidosis

Question 17

blood is too basic (low hydrogen)

Answer 17

alkalosis

Question 18

a substance that our body recognizes as “foreign” (ex. Bacteria, virus, toxins, allergens)
triggers an immune response

Answer 18

antigens

Question 19

special proteins in immune system that defend against disease
Specific to antigen
Attack and destroy substance

Answer 19

antibodies

Question 20

molecular “memory” of the body to produce antibodies if presented with substance again

Answer 20

immunity

Question 21

copy genetic information in DNA onto mRNA (in cell nucleus) (so the message can be carried out to the cytoplasm which is where protein creation occurs)

Answer 21

transcription

Question 22

mRNA translated to amino acid sequence-protein (at ribosomes in cytoplasm)

Answer 22

translation

Question 23

protein synthesis
______ leaves nucleus and travels to _____
binds to ribosome via ______
mRNA message requires specific amino acid sequence
____ binds to its specific amino acid
and carries amino acid to _______
amino acid is added to growing chain
______ returns to find another of its specific amino acids from the amino acid pool
at completion, protein is released from _____

Answer 23

mRNA
cytoplasm
rRNA
tRNA
mRNA/ribosome complex
tRNA
ribosome

Question 24

contains sufficient amounts of all 9 essential amino acids

primarily ____ based foods

Answer 24

complete protein

animal

Question 25

does not contain all 9 essential amino acids in sufficient quantities primarily _____ based foods

Answer 25

incomplete | plant

Question 26

combine 2 incomplete proteins to make a complete protein

Answer 26

mutual supplementation

Question 27

2 protein sources that together supply all nine essential amino acids (resulting food) Example: beans and rice

Answer 27

complementary supplementation

Question 28

_____ grams of protein per kilogram of body weight (should be consumed daily; same for males and females) _____% of total energy intake should be from protein

Answer 28

0.8 | 10-35%

Question 29

nitrogen consumption > nitrogen excretion | Need for periods of growth, pregnancy, recovery from illness, or protein deficiency

Answer 29

positive nitrogen balance

Question 30

nitrogen consumption < nitrogen excretion Results from starvation, consumption of very-low-energy diets, severe illness, infections, serious burns, or injuries **Someone that is really currently severely ill.

Answer 30

negative nitrogen balance

Question 31

Nitrogen Consumption = Nitrogen Excretion | found in healthy aduts who are not pregnant

Answer 31

nitrogen balance

Question 32

``` The risks of too much dietary protein may include: ____ cholesterol _____ disease possible _______ loss _____ disease ```

Answer 32

high heart bone kidney

Question 33

plant based diets roots in ____ century christian group in pennsylvania

Answer 33

vegetarianism | 16th-18th

Question 34

introduced tofu to US in 1770

Answer 34

ben franklin

Question 35

``` health benefits of vegetarianism ______ loss ______ disease _______ diabetes ______ ________ ```

Answer 35

``` weight loss cardiovascular disease type 2 diabetes cancer osteosporosis ```

Question 36

protein digestion and absorption proteins in food are crushed by chewing and moistened by saliva mechanical only travels to stomach via _______

Answer 36

mouth | esophagus

Question 37

``` protein dig and absorp stomach proteins are denatured by _____ ______ is activated to break proteins into single amino acids and smaller polypeptides in the ____ form ```

Answer 37

HCl pepsin active

Question 38

protein digestion and absoprtion produces ______, released into SI produces ________ to neutralize HCl in small intestine

Answer 38

proteases | bicarnonate

Question 39

protein digestion and absorption small intestine proteases are ______ to digst polypeptides into smaller units cells in the wall of the small intestine complete the breakdown of all polypeptides into single amino acids via ________

Answer 39

secreted | peptidases

Question 40

protein dig and absorp liver amino acids are transported to the liver and sent to the cells as needed used for energy; converted to _____ or ____; sent to cells

Answer 40

fat glucose

Question 41

``` severely inadequate intakes of protein, energy, and other nutrients skin and bones young children _________ symptoms: severe wasting of muscle tissue stunted physical growth stunted brain development anemia ```

Answer 41

marasmus | infants

Question 42

``` disease resulting from extremely low protein intake young children _____ shortly after _____ symptoms: fast onset _________ --> swollen belly fatty liver dry brittle, ______ tinted hair ```

Answer 42

``` kwashiorkor 1-3 weaning edema orange ```

Question 43

the constant breakdown and rebuilding of body cells

Answer 43

turnover