chapter 7

Question 1

substances composed of freely moving molecules

______ of a healthy adults body weight

Answer 1

fluid

Question 2

between cells within tissues and organs

Answer 2

tissue/interstitial fluid

Question 3

found in blood and lymphatic vessels

the fluid portion of blood that carries the blood cells

Answer 3

intravascular fluid

Question 4

body fluid varies by:
tissue type - ___tissue and therefore more body fluid
gender - ____ have more lean tissue - more body fluid
_____ - lean tissue is lot with age and body fluid is lost with it

Answer 4

lean
male
age

Question 5

functions of fluids
increased blood volume can cause blood pressure to ______
increases risks for heart disease and stroke
decreased blood volume can cause ___ blood presuure

Answer 5

rise

low

Question 6

water has high _______
high amount of en energy to raise temp –> body temp remains stable
takes prolonged heat to exposure to increase body temp

Answer 6

high heat capacity

Question 7

water is primary ______

as temp increases, blood flow increases to vessels lying under skin

Answer 7

coolant

Question 8

functions of fluids
protect and lubricate body tissue
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - brain and spinal cord
\_\_\_\_\_\_ - fetus
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -  joints
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - easy passage of material
\_\_\_\_\_ - prevents friction when lungs expand

Answer 8

cerebrospinal fluid
amniotic fluid
synovial fluid
digestive secretions
pleural fluid

Question 9

substance dissolves into ions; can carry electrical current

Answer 9

electrolytes

Question 10

K+ and HPO42–

Answer 10

intracellular fluid

Question 11

Na+ and Cl–

Answer 11

extracellular fluid

Question 12

increased concentration of electrolytes in extra cellular fluid
intracellular fluid is drawn out of cells
can lead to ______ or death

Answer 12

low body fluid

irregular heart beat

Question 13

thirst mechanism

3 main mechanisms
increased concentration of ____ and other solutes in blood
reduction in blood ______ and ______
dryness in the ____ of mouth and throat

Answer 13

salt
volume, pressure
tissues

Question 14

thirst mechanism
hypothalamus releases _______ hormone –> signal kidney to reduce urine flow
kidney releases
___ –> signal blood vessels to constrict
water drawn ouut of salivary glands
helps body retain water and avoid dehydration

Answer 14

antidiruetic hormolne

renin

Question 15

most water enters body through _______ (_____)

some foods have high water content

Answer 15

beverages (70-80%)

Question 16

sensible water loss
the ______ control how much water is reabsorbed
excess water excreted as _____
sensible water loss also via _______

Answer 16

kidneys
urine
sweat

Question 17

insensible water (

Answer 17

lungs
respiration
feces

Question 18

DRI for water
men \_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_ as beverages)
women \_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_ as beverages)

Answer 18

3. 7L, 3.0L

2. 7L, 2.2L

Question 19

high in calcium

water softeners exchange calcium to _____

Answer 19

hard water

sodium

Question 20

either from surface water or groundwater
regulated by _____
commonly treated by ____

Answer 20

tap water
EPA
chlorine

Question 21

regulated by FDA
may be treated or filtered differently
may taste better but does not necessarily offer any health benefits
may be high in ______

Answer 21

bottled

sodium

Question 22

low fat versions rich in protein, calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus

Answer 22

milk substitutes

Question 23

what if you consume too much sodium?
increased risk for high \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
may cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ loss in urine
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - abnormally high blood sodium concentration
is this due to high sodium intake?

Answer 23

blood pressure
calcium
hypernatremia
no

Question 24

what if you dont consume enough sodium?
__________
endurance athletes who consume too much _______ and fail to replace sodium

Answer 24

hyponatremia

Question 25

``` functions of sodium exchanged with ________ _____ balance _____ pressure ______ balance ________ transmission _______ contraction ```

Answer 25

``` potassium fluid blood pH nerve impulse muscle ```

Question 26

recommended sodium intake

Answer 26

less than 2.3 g/day

Question 27

high _______ ----> lower blood pressure

Answer 27

potassium

Question 28

recommended potassium intake

Answer 28

4.7 g/day

Question 29

processed food is ____ in potassium | fresh fruit, veggies, whole grains

Answer 29

low

Question 30

too much potassium? kidney disease ----> ________ - high blood potassium level can alter normal ______ rhythm, resulting in a heart attack most ___ substitutes are high in potssium

Answer 30

hyperkalemia heart salt

Question 31

too little potassium? deficiency is rare _____ - low blood potassium levels

Answer 31

hypokalemia

Question 32

negative ion in extracellular fluid

Answer 32

chloride

Question 33

minimum recommendation for chloride | primary source?

Answer 33

2.3 g a day | table salt

Question 34

not enough chloride? occurs in people with _________ may also occur during severe _______

Answer 34

eating disorders | dehydration

Question 35

negative ion in intracellular fluid

Answer 35

phosphorus

Question 36

85% of bodys phosphorus is found in ______ | high amounts in _____ foods

Answer 36

bone | protein

Question 37

RDA for phosphorus

Answer 37

700 mg/day

Question 38

too much phosphorus? high _______ levels may occur with kidney disease high vitamin ____ supplementation _____ spasms, convulsions

Answer 38

blood D muscle

Question 39

depletion of total body water

Answer 39

dehydration

Question 40

who is at risk for dehydration?

Answer 40

elderly and infants

Question 41

why are the elderly at risk? _____ body water content __________ is less effective

Answer 41

lower | thirst mechanism

Question 42

why are infants at risk for dehydration? excrete ______ at a higher rate unable to __________

Answer 42

urine | communicate

Question 43

painful muscle cramps, usually in the abdomen, arms, or legs spasms can last seconds or minutes, caused by fluid/electrolyte imbalances develop during vigorous activity in heat

Answer 43

heat cramps

Question 44

vigorous activity in heat, or several days in high heat when fluids are inadequate thirst, cramps, weakness, vomiting, dizziness, fainting, elevated blood pressure and pulse

Answer 44

heat exhaustion

Question 45

occurs if the body's temperature regulation mechanisms fail medical emergency hot and dry skin, high body temp + weakness can be fatal

Answer 45

heatstroke