Flashcards in chapter 4 Deck (44)
Loading flashcards...
1
produced by plants through photosynthesis
principle form of carbohydrate in blood
glucose
2
contain only 1 or 2 molecules
simple carbs
3
glucose, fructose, galactose
monosaccharides
4
lactose, maltose, sucrose
disaccharides
5
contain many molecules
starch, glycogen, fiber
complex carbs
6
most abundant in our diet; good energy source; primary carb in blood; main source of energy
glucose
7
sweetest natural sugar; found in fruit; high corn syrup
fructose
8
does not occur alone in foods; binds with glucose to form lactose
galactose
9
produced during complex carb digestion
molecules join
maltose
glucose + glucose
10
found in sugar cane, sugar beets, honey
sucrose
glucose + fructose
11
plant storage of glucose
starch
12
storage form of glucose in animals + humans
stored in liver + muscles
glycogen
13
the non digestible skeleton of plants
dietary fiber
14
nondigestible carbohydrate, known health effects, extracted from plants or manufactured and added to foods
functional fiber
15
dissolves in water
fermented by bacteria in colon
found in citrus fruits, berries, oats, and beans
reduces risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
soluble fiber
16
do not dissolve in water
not fermented by bacteria
found in whole grains
promote regular bowel movements
insoluble fibers
17
production of ketones due to high amount of fat metabolism
fasting, low carb intake, vigorous exercise
ketosis
18
enzyme produced in the salivary glands and secreted into the mouth
begins breakdown of starch into ____ and into ______
stops when food reaches ____
salivary amylase
maltose
shorter polysaccharides
stomach
19
enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into small intestine
enzymatically digests starch to ____
pancreatic amylase
maltose
20
a hormone secreted by the pancreas - ___ cells
when blood glucose is elevated: helps transport glucose into cells
stimulates the liver and muscles to take up glucose and convert it to _______
insulin
beta
glycogen
21
hormone secreted by pancreas - ____
when blood glucose drops
stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in liver to glucose to make glucose available to cells of the body
stimulates ______ - the production of new glucose from amino acids (proteins)
glucagon
alpha
gluconeogenesis
22
a measure of a foods ability to raise glucose levels
glycemic index
23
outer covering
high in fiber vitamins and minerals
bran
24
base of kernel
healthful fat, some vitamins
germ
25
midsection
starchy
endosperm
26
contain __ kcal energy per gram
sucrose, fructose, honey, brown sugar
nutritive sweetners
4
27
minnitol, sorbitol, isomalt, xylitol
contain ___ kcal energy per gram
sugar alcohols
2-3 kcal
28
saccharin, aspartame, sucralose
provide little to no energy
non-nutritive (alternative) sweetners
29
amount someone could eat every day for lifetime without adverse effects
acceptable daily intake
30
4cal gram but very sweet; cannot be used in cooking/heat; cannot by consumed by PKU
aspartame
31
7th leading cause of death
body cannot regulate blood glucose levels; too high
diabetes
32
occurs during pregnancy
gestational diabetes
33
increased or frequent urination
excessive thirst
constant hunger
extreme fatigue
blurred vision
type 1 diabetes
34
any of the type 1 signs + symptoms
greater frequency of infections
sudden vision changes
slow wounds/sore healing
very dry skin
nerve damange - tingling/numbness
type 2 diabetes
35
cannot produce insulin
accounts for about 5% of all cases
_____ - attacks pancreatic beta cells
blood sugar (____) rises
has genetic link
key intial warning sign is frequent urination
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease
glucose
36
90-95% of diabetes cases
____ is most common trigger
process:
develops progressively over time
body cells become insensitive or unresponsive to ____
impaired fasting glucose/pre-diabetes
pancreas stops producing insulin
type 2 diabetes
insulin
37
additional enzymes secreted by cells that line the small intestine (mucosal cells) digest disaccharides to monosaccharides
maltase: ____, sucrase: ____, lactase: ____
monoscaccharides are absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine and then enter the ____
maltose
sucrose
lactose
bloodstream
38
digestion of carbs
once absorbed into blood stream:
____ provides immediate energy
fructose and galactose are converted to glucose by the ____
excess glucose is converted to ____ and stored in liver and muscles (______)
glucose
liver
glycogen
glycogenesis
39
shaky, irritable, weak, diffuclty conenctrating
low blood glucose
diagnosis: ______ triad
hypoglycemia
whipples triad
40
AI for women for fiber
25 g
41
AI for men for fiber
38 g
42
nutrients are added back to product
enriched
43
nutrients never in product to begin with
fortified
44
