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HS 205 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

produced by plants through photosynthesis

principle form of carbohydrate in blood

A

glucose

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2
Q

contain only 1 or 2 molecules

A

simple carbs

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3
Q

glucose, fructose, galactose

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

lactose, maltose, sucrose

A

disaccharides

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5
Q

contain many molecules

starch, glycogen, fiber

A

complex carbs

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6
Q

most abundant in our diet; good energy source; primary carb in blood; main source of energy

A

glucose

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7
Q

sweetest natural sugar; found in fruit; high corn syrup

A

fructose

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8
Q

does not occur alone in foods; binds with glucose to form lactose

A

galactose

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9
Q

produced during complex carb digestion

molecules join

A

maltose

glucose + glucose

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10
Q

found in sugar cane, sugar beets, honey

A

sucrose

glucose + fructose

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11
Q

plant storage of glucose

A

starch

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12
Q

storage form of glucose in animals + humans

stored in liver + muscles

A

glycogen

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13
Q

the non digestible skeleton of plants

A

dietary fiber

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14
Q

nondigestible carbohydrate, known health effects, extracted from plants or manufactured and added to foods

A

functional fiber

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15
Q

dissolves in water
fermented by bacteria in colon
found in citrus fruits, berries, oats, and beans
reduces risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

A

soluble fiber

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16
Q

do not dissolve in water
not fermented by bacteria
found in whole grains
promote regular bowel movements

A

insoluble fibers

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17
Q

production of ketones due to high amount of fat metabolism

fasting, low carb intake, vigorous exercise

A

ketosis

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18
Q

enzyme produced in the salivary glands and secreted into the mouth
begins breakdown of starch into ____ and into ______
stops when food reaches ____

A

salivary amylase
maltose
shorter polysaccharides
stomach

19
Q

enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into small intestine
enzymatically digests starch to ____

A

pancreatic amylase

maltose

20
Q

a hormone secreted by the pancreas - ___ cells
when blood glucose is elevated: helps transport glucose into cells
stimulates the liver and muscles to take up glucose and convert it to _______

A

insulin
beta
glycogen

21
Q

hormone secreted by pancreas - ____
when blood glucose drops
stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in liver to glucose to make glucose available to cells of the body
stimulates ______ - the production of new glucose from amino acids (proteins)

A

glucagon
alpha
gluconeogenesis

22
Q

a measure of a foods ability to raise glucose levels

A

glycemic index

23
Q

outer covering

high in fiber vitamins and minerals

A

bran

24
Q

base of kernel

healthful fat, some vitamins

A

germ

25
Q

midsection

starchy

A

endosperm

26
Q

contain __ kcal energy per gram

sucrose, fructose, honey, brown sugar

A

nutritive sweetners

4

27
Q

minnitol, sorbitol, isomalt, xylitol

contain ___ kcal energy per gram

A

sugar alcohols

2-3 kcal

28
Q

saccharin, aspartame, sucralose

provide little to no energy

A

non-nutritive (alternative) sweetners

29
Q

amount someone could eat every day for lifetime without adverse effects

A

acceptable daily intake

30
Q

4cal gram but very sweet; cannot be used in cooking/heat; cannot by consumed by PKU

A

aspartame

31
Q

7th leading cause of death

body cannot regulate blood glucose levels; too high

A

diabetes

32
Q

occurs during pregnancy

A

gestational diabetes

33
Q 
increased or frequent urination
excessive thirst
constant hunger
extreme fatigue
blurred vision
A

type 1 diabetes

34
Q 
any of the type 1 signs + symptoms
greater frequency of infections
sudden vision changes
slow wounds/sore healing
very dry skin
nerve damange - tingling/numbness
A

type 2 diabetes

35
Q 
cannot produce insulin
accounts for about 5% of all cases
\_\_\_\_\_ - attacks pancreatic beta cells
blood sugar (\_\_\_\_) rises
has genetic link
key intial warning sign is frequent urination
A

type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease
glucose

36
Q 
90-95% of diabetes cases
\_\_\_\_ is most common trigger
process:
develops progressively over time
body cells become insensitive or unresponsive to \_\_\_\_
impaired fasting glucose/pre-diabetes
pancreas stops producing insulin
A

type 2 diabetes

insulin

37
Q

additional enzymes secreted by cells that line the small intestine (mucosal cells) digest disaccharides to monosaccharides
maltase: ____, sucrase: ____, lactase: ____
monoscaccharides are absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine and then enter the ____

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose
bloodstream

38
Q

digestion of carbs
once absorbed into blood stream:
____ provides immediate energy
fructose and galactose are converted to glucose by the ____
excess glucose is converted to ____ and stored in liver and muscles (______)

A

glucose
liver
glycogen
glycogenesis

39
Q

shaky, irritable, weak, diffuclty conenctrating
low blood glucose
diagnosis: ______ triad

A

hypoglycemia

whipples triad

40
Q

AI for women for fiber

A

25 g

41
Q

AI for men for fiber

A

38 g

42
Q

nutrients are added back to product

A

enriched

43
Q

nutrients never in product to begin with

A

fortified

44
Q 
who is at risk for type 2 diabetes?
-obesity
genetics
physical inactivity
high waist circumference: \_\_ in women, \_\_ in men
high blood pressure
high blood lipids---> high \_\_\_\_, low \_\_\_\_
high glucose
A

> 35
40
triglycerides
HDL

HS 205 (12 decks)

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