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HS 205 > chapter 5 notecards > Flashcards

chapter 5 notecards Flashcards

1
Q 
three fatty acid molecules
acid group at one end
methyl group at the other end
one glycerol molecule
most common lipid
A

triglycerides

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2
Q

fatty acid length determines method of ______ and _______

A

absorption and transport

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3
Q

hydrogen atoms at every position; no double bonds

A

saturated fatty acids

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4
Q

lack of hydrogen atoms in one region; double bond

A

monounsaturated

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5
Q

lack hydrogen atoms in multiple locations; 2+ double bonds

A

polyunsaturated

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6
Q

lack of hydrogen atoms in one region; double bond

A

monounsaturated

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7
Q

lack of hydrogen atoms in multiple locations; 2+ double bonds

A

polyunsaturated

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8
Q

add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids
converts liquid fats into ____
-create margarine from plant oil
often creates ____ fatty foods
listen on food label as partially hydrogenated oil

A

hydrogenation
semisolds
trans

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9
Q

harmful to health

lower ___ and raise ___

A

saturated and trans fats

HDL, LDL

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10
Q

linoleic and alpha linolenic acid
cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained in the diet
precursors to ____, which regulate cell functions

A

essential fatty acids

eicosanoids

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11
Q

(omega-6 fatty acid)
Double bond 6 carbons from the omega end
Found in ____ and ____oils (corn oil safflower oil and peanut oil)
Converted to ______ acid, which is involved in blood clotting and blood pressure
Cell membrane structure
Required for fat transport

A

linoleic acid
vegetable, nut
arachidonic

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12
Q

acid (omega-3 fatty acid)
Double bond 3 carbon from the omega end
Found in _____: dark green, leafy vegetables, flax; soy; walnuts; canola oil
Two omega-3 fatty acids found in fish, fish oil, and algae are EPA and DHA
Short chain ALA converted to ____ and ____ important regulators of inflammation, blood clotting, and blood pressure

A

alpha-linolenic acid
vegetables
EPA, DHA

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13
Q 
Composed of 
Glycerol backbone
\_\_\_ fatty acids
Phosphate
\_\_\_\_ in water
Important components of cell membranes - regulate the transport of substance into and out of the cell
\_\_\_\_ used by liver to make bile
Can be made In our body, not essential
A

phospholipids
two
soluble
lecithin

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14
Q

lipids containing multiple rings of carbon atoms
Necessary components of cell membranes and many hormones
Can be found in plant and animal foods
____ based sterol appear to block the absorption of dietery cholesterol
____ is major sterol in the body
Also manufactured in our bodies (Liver)

A

sterols
plant
cholesterol

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15
Q

Necessary for human health
Required to build and maintain membranes
Plentiful in the neural cells that make up brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Intracellular transport, cell signaling, and nerve conduction
Used in synthesis of important compounds
Sex hormones (estrogen, androgen, and progesterone)
Bile acids
Adrenal hormones
Vitamin D

A

cholesterol

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16
Q

a lipoprotein produced by cells lining the SI
Composed of triglycerides surrounded by _____ and ____
Soluble in water
Travel through the lymphatic system
Are transferred to the bloodstream and enter cells
arrives at body cell
_____ lipase breaks down triglycerides in chylomicron
free fatty acids enter cells such as ____ or ___
____ travels to liver or kidney
chylomicron remnant travel to ____
fatty acids newly delivered to cells can be
-used immediately for ___
-used to make lipid containing compounds
-stroed as _____ in adipose and muscles

A 
chylomicron
proteins
lipoprotein
adipose
muscle
glycerol
energy
triglycerides
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17
Q

level of saturation of triglycerides
short (__)
medium___
long____

A

<6
6-12
13+

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18
Q

unsaturated region arranged in different regions
___: hydrogens on same side of carbon chain
____: hydrogens on opposite side of chian
-straight rigid structure similar to _____ fatty acids
-small amount naturally occur in foods
-most result from _________

A

cis
trans
hydrogenation

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19
Q

vitamins A, D, E, K
protects the body
pads our body and organs and acts as a cushion to ____
insulation to help us retain body heat

A

the role of fat

fat soluble vitamins

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20
Q
  1. salivary glands in the mouth produce an enzyme _______ that digests some triglycerids, little lipid digestion occurs here
A

lingual lipase

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21
Q
  1. most fat arrives intact at the stomach, where it is mixed and broken down into _____
A

droplets

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22
Q
  1. produces bile which is stored in gallbladder
A

liver

23
Q
  1. gallbladder contracts due to secretion ___ and ___ from the duodenal mucosal cells
A

cck, secretin

24
Q

produce lipid digesting enzymes like _____ lipase which are released into small intestine

A

pancreas

pancreatic

25
Q

bile from gallbladder breaks fat into smaller ____
lipid digesting enzymes from the pancrease break triglycerides into ______ and ___ acids
lipid digesting enzymes from the pancreas break dietyary cholesterol esters and phosophlipids into their components
products of fat digestion combine with _____ to form ____
____ transport lipids into _____
within enterocytes, components from micelles reform _____ and are repackaged as _____ for transport into lymphatic system absorbed directly into blood stream

A 
small intestine 
droplets
monoglycerides, fatty
bile salts, micelles
micelles, enterocytes
triglycerides
chylomicrons
26
Q

AMDR for fat
-increase risk for obesity and CVD
also very low fat and high ___ diet also increases CVD
may be deficient in ___

A

20%-35%
carb
EFA

27
Q

those we can see in foods

dressing, butter, cream mayo

A

visible fats

28
Q

those added to processed or prepared foods to improve texture or taste
baked goods, dairy products, frozen entrees

A

hidden fats

29
Q

less than 0.5 g fat

A

fat free

30
Q

3g less of fat

A

low fat

31
Q

at least 25% less fat as compared to a standard serving

A

reduced less fat

32
Q

1/3 fewer calories or 50% less fat as compared w a standard serving

A

light

33
Q

absolute minimum of trans fatty acids __%

every 2% increase in trans may lead to 23% increase in CVD

A

2.3

34
Q

blood vessels supplying the heart have become blocked and lead to deficient of O2 and nutrients (heart attack)

A

coronary heart disease

35
Q

blockage of blood vessels supplyign the brain

A

stroke

36
Q

may be asymptomatic

increase risk for heart attack or stroke

A

hypertension

37
Q

vessels to arms legs stomach and kidnys obstructed

A

peripheral vasicular disease

38
Q

artery walls build up limit deposits and scar tissue impairing blood flow
may eventually lead to heart attack, stroke, or peripheral artery disease
-arteries become stiff and often referred to as “_____ of the arteries”
heart must work harder to push blood through the vessels

A

atherosclerosis

hardening

39
Q 
atherosclerosis
1. \_\_\_\_ to endothelial lining 
-hypertension
-toxins in tobacco smoke
\_\_\_\_\_\_
-high LDL
chronic inflammation
A

injury

hyperglycemia

40
Q

atherosclerosis

  1. vessel _____
    - chemical release attracts ___
    - LDL becomes _____
    - _____
A

inflammation
LDL
oxidized
foam cells

41
Q

atherosclerosis
3. fatty streak
-accumulation of _____
-additional immune recruitment and inflammatory chemicals
____: collection of foam cells, calcium, platelets, immune and other cells
-narrow interior - ____ blood flow downstream
end result: near complete occlusion of vessel, rupture of plaque, followed by clot

A

foam cells
plaque
reduced

42
Q

pressure exerted in arteries when ventricles contract

normal:

A

systolic

<120 mmHG

43
Q

pressure exerted in arteries when ventricles relaxed

normal:

A

diastolic

<80 mmHg

44
Q

pre hypertension
systolic
diastolic

A

120-139

80-89

45
Q

hypertension
systolic
diastolic

A

> 130

>90

46
Q 
only from dietary fat
released in lymph
largest liporotein
remnant travels to liver
main role: transport dietary fat to \_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_
A

chylomicron

blood ,body tissues

47
Q

liver produces most
transport triglycerides to body cells for storage
diets high in fat, simple sugar, excess calories
main role: transport _______ to tissue

A

VLDL

endogenous lipid

48
Q

lightened version of VLDL
higher in cholesterol, phospholipids, protein
deliver _____ to cells
higher amount increases risk of adhering to blood vessels
main role: transport cholesterol to ____

A

LDL
cholesterol
cells

49
Q

released from liver
pick up cholesterol from dying cells and arterial plaques
lower risk for CVD
omega 3 and exercise increase
main role: transport cholesterol FROM tissues to ___

A

HDL

liver

50
Q

total blood cholesterol

A

<200

51
Q

LDL cholesterol

A

<100

52
Q

HDL cholesterol

A

> or equal to 60

53
Q

triglycerides

A

<150

54
Q

BP systolic/distolic

A

<120/80

HS 205 (12 decks)

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