chapter 8 Flashcards
(19 cards)
antioxidants
vitamins C,E,A
beta carotene
selenium
a highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron
Highly reactive and can cause damage to molecules in the cell
free radical
Unstable free radicals try to steal electrons from surrounding molecules, causing damage to: \_\_\_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ disrupts transport in and out of cells alters \_\_\_\_\_ function inflammation and blood clots --> \_\_\_\_\_ genetic material faulty protein synthesis cell mutation and cell death
LDLs & cell protein
cell
CVD
antioxidants function in diff ways: some vitamins donate their electrons to: convert \_\_\_\_\_\_ to less harmful substances break down \_\_\_\_ free radicals \_\_\_\_\_\_ Stabilize free radicals
free radicals
oxidized
phytochemicals
fat soluble vitamin: 2 forms
______ -
______ - 4 biologically active forms (alpha, beta, gamma, delta)
___ most common
vitamin E
tocotrienol
tocopherol
alpha
primary role of vitamin E = serves as an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(donates electron) stored in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_: protects PUFAs and cell membranes from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ protects \_\_\_\_\_\_ and lung tissue protects \_\_\_\_ decreases \_\_\_\_ disease risk fetal and early childhood development of nerves and muscles enhances immune system sources: vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, wheat germ, soybeans, oil based spreads, and dressings \_\_\_\_ sources are poor destroyed by \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_
antioxidant adipose tissue cell membranes oxidation RBCs LDLs heart animal oxygen, heat
water soluble vitamin
_____ acid
essential - must be consumed in human diet
antioxidant
Extracellular fluid, donates _____
Protects LDL cholesterol from ______– decrease CVD risk
_____ – imp. For smokers
WBC - immune system
Synthesis of ______ (scurvy), DNA, bile, neurotransmitters, hormones
Enhances the absorption of ___ ** exam
vitamin C ascorbic electron oxidation lungs collagen iron
smokers need an extra ____ mg/day of vitamin C
sources: citrus and more fruit and veggies, fortified beverages and cereal
destroyed by ____ and ____
especially _____
steam, microwave, stir fry
35
heat, oxygen
boiling
not enough vitamin C?
____ : bleeding gums, lose teeth, wounds that do not heal, swollen ankles, blah bah
role in production of collagen
scurvy
In the class of chemicals called carotenoids – fat-soluble plant pigment found in orange, red, deep yellow fruits and vegetables
_____: inactive form of a vitamin that the body can convert to active form
the precursor of _____
beta carotene\
provitamin
retionol (vitamin A)
too much vitamin E?
can interfere w _____ meds (aspirin and coumadin)
may increase risk for ______ stroke
not enough vitamin E?
uncommon, stored in _____ tissue
can result in fragile _____ (erythrocite hemolysis)
____ and associated symptoms
anticoagulant hemorrhagic adipose RBC anemia
too much vitamin C?
megadoses (10x RDA or more) can cause nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds and abdominal cramps
usually temporary - easily excred in ____
can cause ___ toxicity in people w hemochromatosis
can lead to _____ formation in people with kidney disease
-may act as a ____
urine
iron
kidney stone
prooxidant
functions of beta carotene weak \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_ soluble - prevents odixations of LDL and cell membranes also enhance the immune system protect skin from \_\_\_ protect \_\_\_ from damage decrease \_\_\_ risk sources: tomatoes - \_\_\_\_\_ greens - \_\_\_\_ added for color absorbed more from \_\_\_\_\_ foods
antioxidant fat UV eyes cancer lycopene lutein lightly cooked
too much beta carotene?
large quantities do not appear to be toxic
___ may turn yellow/orange at high intakes(reversible)
no known deficiency
skin
fat soluble vitamin
excess is stored in the ___ (90%), adipose tissue, kidneys and lungs
three active forms of vitamin A
____: vision, sexual reproduction, bone health immune health
_____: vision, sex repro, bone health, immune health
______: cell differentiation, bone health, immune function
functions
- antioxidant, protecting LDL cholesterol
-essential to proper ____
-___________: the process by which cells mature and specialize
sperm production and fertilization
bone growth
lungs retinol retinal retinoic acid vision cell differentation
too much vitamin A? -highly toxic, especially from \_\_\_\_\_ birth defects, \_\_\_\_\_\_ abortion fatigue, loss of appetite, blurred vision, hair loss, skin disorders, bone and joint pain etc permanent \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_ Damage not enough vitamin A? \_\_\_\_ blindness in early stages \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: irreversible blindness due to lack of \_\_\_, hardening of cornea immune + reproductive problems growth failure
supplements spontaneous liver, eye night xerophalmia
trace mineral found in few amino acids
functions:
antioxidant
production of ____ a thyroid hormone (basal metabolism)
____: a compound needed for proper functioning of an enzyme
iron, copper, zinc, manganese are cofactors
selenium
thyroxine
cofactor
a group of related diseases characterized by cells growing out of control
cancer
cancer development
initiation
promotion
metastasize
