Chapter 1

Question 1

interactions between genes, environment, and diet

key theory: foods and environmental factors can _____ some genes on while turning off others

Answer 1

nutrigenomics

switch

Question 2

diseases caused by nutritional deficinces or toxicities

Answer 2

pellagra scurvy
iron deficiency
mineral deficiency and toxicities

Question 3

diseases with a strong nutritional component

Answer 3

type 2 diabetes, high BP, heart disease, obesity

Question 4

disease in which nutrtion plays some role

Answer 4

osteoporosis
osteoarthritis
some forms of cancer

Question 5

nutrition plays limited role in _________

_____ has a strong tie to nutrition

Answer 5

cancer

stroke

Question 6

the chemicals in foods that are critical to human growth + function

Answer 6

nutrients

Question 7

nutrients required in relatively large amounts
provide ________
nutrients they are in:

Answer 7

macronutrients
energy
carbs, fats and oils, proteins

Question 8

nutrients required in smaller amounts
____ and ____
organic - contains ____ vs non organic

Answer 8

micronutrients
smaller
vitamins and minerals
carbon

Question 9

energy is measured in ________ which is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C

Answer 9

kilocalories

Question 10

primary source of fuel for the body, especially for the brain
provides ___ kcal per gram
found in ____ (wheat, rice), ______, fruits, and _____

Answer 10

carbohydrates
4 kcal
grains
veggies
legumes

Question 11

class of lipids - _______ in water
important stored energy source during rest or lower intensity exercise
source of _______ vitamins and essential _____
___ kcal per gram

Answer 11

fats
non-soluble
fat-soluble
fatty acids
9 kcal

Question 12

chains of amino acids bonded by ____ bond
main role is to build ___ and ____, NOT provide energy
___ kcal per gram

Answer 12

proteins
cells
tissues
4

Question 13

organic molecules that do not supply energy
____ - tissue building, immune system, vision
assistant in energy _____

Answer 13

vitamins
coenzyme
metabolism

Question 14

fat soluble vitamins

toxiciity can occur from consuming excess amounts which accumulate in the body

Answer 14

A, D, E, K stored in the human body

Question 15

_______ are not stored to any extent in human body
excess excreted in urine
toxicity generally only occurs as a result of vitamin supplementation

Answer 15

water soluble vitamins

Question 16

inorganic substances required for body processes
not destroyed by heat and light
examples: sodium, calcium, iron, potassium and magnesium
functions: ___ regulation, bone _____, muscle ____ and nerve functioning

Answer 16

minerals
fluid
structure
movement

Question 17

amount of nutrient needed to prevent deficiency disease in healthy people
amount of a nutrient that may reduce the risk of chronic diseases
for healthy people only

Answer 17

DRI

Question 18

average daily intake level of a nutrient that will meet the needs of 50% of healthy people
are used to determine the RDA of a nutrient

Answer 18

EAR

Estimated Average Requirement

Question 19

the average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% healthy people

Answer 19

Recommended Dietary Allowance

RDA

Question 20

interpreted the same as the RDA
recommended average daily intake for a nutrient
used when we have less scientific evidence

Answer 20

AI

adequate intake

Question 21

highest average daily intake level that is not likely to have adverse effects on the health of most people
consumption above UL is not considered safe

Answer 21

tolerable upper intake level

Question 22

average dietary energy intake (kcal) to maintain energy balance
based on age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity

Answer 22

estimated energy requirement (EER)

Question 23

the precent range of total daily energy intake that should come from each macronutrient

Answer 23

acceptable macronutrient distribution range

AMDR

Question 24

AMDR for carbs

Answer 24

45-65%

Question 25

AMDR for fat

Answer 25

20-35%

Question 26

AMDR for protein

Answer 26

10-35%

Question 27

the set of genes belonging to microorganisms that inhibit the human body

Answer 27

human microbiome

Question 28

foods having substances that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition

Answer 28

functional foods

Question 29

contain microorganisms that improve the intestinal microbial balance; yogurt

Answer 29

probiotics

Question 30

nondigestible ingredients that stimulate growth and/or activity of helpful bacteria; inulin

Answer 30

prebiotics

Question 31

plant chemicals that may reduce risk for disease and age related decline

Answer 31

phytochemicals

Question 32

nutrtition and healthy ppl 2020
revised every __ years
-identifies goal sand objectives to reach by 2020
___ goals related to nutrition and weight status

Answer 32

10

22

Question 33

6 groups of essential nutrients found in foods:

Answer 33

carbs
fats and oils
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water

Question 34

beta carotene

red, orange, yelow

Answer 34

carotenoids

Question 35

tomatoes

Answer 35

lycome

Question 36

plant sterols; vegetable oils and seeds

Answer 36

phytosterol

Question 37

still benes

______ - grapes

Answer 37

resveratrol

Question 38

phytoestrogens

____ - soy

Answer 38

genesteins