Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chiro Essentials > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

(90 cards)

Start Studying
0
Q

What is an enzyme which oxidizes a compound by removing hydrogen?

A

Dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is a pro-enzyme and what’s the other name for it?

A

aka a Zymogen is an inactive enzyme precursor which requires a biochemical change for it to become active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an enzyme which adds hydrogen to a compound?

A

Reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an enzyme that causes oxygen in a compound to be changed to water?

A

Oxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the enzyme which catalyzes the release of a carboxyl group (as CO2) from compounds?

A

decarboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the enzyme which adds inorganic phosphate to a substrate without using ATP?

A

phosphorylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate?

A

Phosphatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the joining of 2 molecules?

A

Ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In an enzyme, a site other than the active site is called what?

A

Allosteric site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This is a degradative process which breaks down large molecules into smaller units, releasing useful energy.

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This is a biosynthetic process which constructs large molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy.

A

Anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_______ is a chemical covalent bond between glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Ester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______ is the chemical bond between 2 nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What metabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria?

A

Fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What metabolic pathways occur in the cytoplasm?

A

Glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, Pentose Phosphate pathway (HM shunt), and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What metabolic pathways occur in both mitochondria and cytoplasm?

A

Heme synthesis, urea cycle, and gluconeogenesis (HUGs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the primary structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants?

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What breaks down starch into maltose and is present in the mouth?

A

Salivary amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What enzyme is involved in the rate limiting step of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Too much glucose-6-phosphate accumulating in a cell will cause the cell to ______?

A

Swell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glucokinase is only found in what organ?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The vast majority of gluconeogenesis takes place in what part of cells in what organ?

A

Cytosol of liver cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the purpose of the cori cycle and what is its net gain/or loss of ATP?

A

To prevent lactic acid from building up in skeletal muscle

Net LOSS of 4 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The process of gluconeogenesis is essentially the reversal of what metabolic pathway?

A

Glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What is the essential co-enzyme to turn pyruvate into oxaloacetate in the 1st step of gluconeogenesis?
Biotin (Vit. B7)
25
Gluconeogenesis only occurs in these 3 organs.
Liver (mainly) Kidney Intestinal epithelium
26
What is the main fuel used to drive the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
27
What is the enzyme that turns pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl CoA?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
28
What are the end products of the Krebs cycle?
3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 GTP
29
What is the rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (3rd step)
30
What is the only enzyme in the Krebs cycle that is bound to the mitochondrial membrane instead of being soluble in the mitochondrial matrix?
Succinate dehydrogenase
31
Each pyruvate molecule sent into the Krebs cycle eventually yields how many ATP from the electron transport chain (ETC)?
12 ATP
32
What's the total # of ATP's produced through glycolysis, krebs and ETC?
38 ATPs
33
How does NADH and FADH2 cross the mitochondrial membrane to get into the ETC?
Malate-aspartate shuttle OR | Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
34
What are proteins that contain iron called?
Cytochromes
35
How does the Electron Transport Chain work?
Who the fuck knows......
36
What is the other name for the cori cycle?
Lactic acid cycle
37
Which pathways purpose is to produce NADPH, and Ribose for DNA & RNA synthesis?
Pentose Phosphate pathway
38
Rate limiting enzyme in the Pentose Phosphate pathway?
Glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (1st step)
39
What is the main enzyme in Glycogenesis?
Glycogen synthase (allows glucose chains to be added to glycogen for more storage)
40
What inhibits Glycogenesis?
Epinephrine and Glucagon
41
What is the major degradation enzyme in Glycogenolysis?
Glycogen phosphorylase (Rate limiting enzyme)
42
What is the important hormone in the regulation of Glycogenolysis?
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)- Allows this to happen instead of Glycogenesis
43
Which lipoprotein transports triglycerides from liver to tissues?
VLDL
44
Which lipoproteins are in the cis form?
HDL
45
Which lipoproteins are in the trans form?
LDL, IDL
46
Which lipoprotein transports dietary lipids from the intestine to other parts of the body?
Chylomicrons
47
Which type of fatty acid has no double bonds?
Saturated fatty acids
48
What are some examples of essential fatty acids?
``` Linoleic acid (omega-6) Linolenic acid (omega-3) ```
49
Breakdown of fatty acids occurs where?
mitochondria of adipocytes
50
What is the purpose of Lipolysis (FA breakdown)?
Produce Acetyl CoA which can enter the Krebs cycle
51
What are the ketone body byproducts made by lipolysis?
Actone, acetoacetate & beta-hydroxybutyrate (latter 2 converted to Acetyl CoA)
52
Where are ketone bodies synthesized?
Mitochondria of hepatocytes (liver)
53
What is the molecule that causes fruity breath in diabetic ketacidosis?
Acetone
54
What converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA in Lipogensis?
Acetyl CoA carboxylase (Rate limiting enzyme)
55
Cholesterol is made mainly from what?
Acetyl CoA
56
What are the 4 steps in the process of Lipogensis?
Condensation Reduction Dehydration Reduction
57
Every amino acid has what 2 things in it's structure?
``` Amine (NH2) Carboxyl Group (COOH) on the first (alpha) carbon atom ```
58
What are the 10 essential amino acids?
Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine PVT TIM HALL
59
What are the 10 non-essential amino acids?
Proline, Tyrosine, Glycine, Alanine, Glutamine, Asparagine, Glutamate, Aspartate, Serine, Cysteine PT GAGA GAS C
60
Proteins are made in what part of cells?
Ribosomes
61
What amino acids are glucogenic?
Histidine, Methionine, Threonine, and Valine (Essential) | As well as ALL non-essential except Tyrosine
62
What amino acids are ketogenic?
Luecine, Lysine (essential) & Tyrosine (non-essential)
63
What amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic?
Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan (PIT)
64
What Three things make up a nucleoTide?
``` Pentose sugar (ribose, deoxyrib.) Nitrogen base (Pyrine, pyrimidine) Phosphate group ```
65
What two things make up a nucleoside?
``` Pentose sugar Nitrogen base (Purine or pyrimidine) ```
66
What are the pyrimidine bases?
Cytosine Thymine Uracil
67
What are the purine bases?
Adenine | Guanine
68
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from a DNA template through a process called ______?
Transcription
69
Release of DNA and RNA from cell death is broken down into?
Xanthine (which is converted to uric acid & can cause gout)
70
What are the antioxidant vitamins and minerals?
A, C, E, and selenium (ACEs)
71
What is the active form of Vit. A?
Retinoic acid
72
What is rachitic rosary (Vit. D deficiency)?
Swollen costochondral joints in the chest
73
What is the role of Vit. E?
An antioxidant which protects erythrocytes and membranes from free radical damage
74
Vit. E deficiency will cause?
Hemolytic anemia
75
Vit. B1 (thiamine) is a cofactor for which enzymes?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
76
Magenta tongue is a deficiency of what Vitamin?
Vit. B2- Riboflavin
77
Vit. B3 (Niacin) can be made in the body from what amino acid?
Tryptophan
78
Niacin deficiency may present with?
Pellagra
79
Vit. B5 deficiency can lead to what condition?
Burning feet syndrome
80
Vit. B7 (Biotin) is used in what type of reactions?
Carboxylation reactions
81
This Vitamin is used in the transfer of 1-carbon units in DNA and RNA synthesis, to make methionine and purines necessary for DNA synthesis and for the transfer of methyl groups.
Vit. B9 (Folic Acid)
82
Deficiency of this vitamin will cause megaloblastic anemia and a beef red tongue.
Vit. B12 (Cobalamin)
83
If def. of vitamin B12 is due to lack of intrinsic factor it is called?
Pernicious anemia
84
Vit. C enhances the absorption of what mineral?
Iron [Fe]
85
What is the greatest source of iron in the diet?
Red meat (Most absorbable)
86
Greatest dietary source of copper?
Prunes
87
Selenium deficiency causes what disease?
Kenshan's disease
88
What mineral helps insulin to bind to cells which helps glucose transport into cells?
Chromium
89
Greatest source of chromium?
Oysters

Chiro Essentials (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions