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Trakesha's 4th Quarter > Chemistry Exam 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry Exam 2 Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

Sometimes a group of atoms behaves as if it were a single atom. This group has its own charge and name and is called a

A

radical or a polyatomic ion

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2
Q

Remembering the polyatomic ions

A

NICK the CAMEL ate a BABY CLAM for SUPPER in PHOENIX

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3
Q

To determine the total number of atoms of any element in any compound follow these steps:

A
  1. take the coefficient (if present)
  2. multiply by subscript (if present)
  3. multiply those by number outside parentheses (if present)
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4
Q

SELECTED ELEMENTS

A

Hydrogen
Halogens
Nitrogen
Oxygen

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5
Q

a selected element; the most abundant element in the universe. 93% of all elements in the universe is this. Only element on the periodic table that DOES NOT contain neutrons

A

hydrogen

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6
Q

a selected element; All have 7 valence electrons in the outer most shell. In their ionic state have a negative number

A

halogens

salt formers or group VII elements

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7
Q

a selected element; most abundant element in the earth’s atmosphere

A

nitrogen

occurrence

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8
Q

a selected element; most abundant element on the surface of the earth

A

oxygen

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9
Q

types of halogens

A

chlorine
fluorine
bromine
iodine

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10
Q

a type of halogen that is used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant

A

chlorine

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11
Q

the most abundant compound on earth

A

water

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12
Q

dealing with the compound water; the splitting or tearing apart of compounds by the addition of water. ‹‹‹‹‹‹——this definition is more important in funeral service.
A chemical reaction between a salt and water which yields or produces an acid and base of unequal strength (KNOW BOTH DEFINITIONS)

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

dealing with the compound water; the amount of calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in water

A

hardness

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14
Q

dealing with the compound water; compounds in which there is a chemical union between water and certain substances when they crystallize

A

Hydrates

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15
Q

dealing with the compound water; removal or loss of water or moisture from a substance. Decreases secondary dilution. The dead human body especially the face and lips.

A

Dehydration

desiccation

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16
Q

hard water will cause the blood to do what in a dead human body?

A

clot

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17
Q

water hardness that can be removed by boiling

A

Temporary hardness

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18
Q

water hardness that CANNOT be removed by boiling.

A

Permanent hardness

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19
Q 
The disassociation (breaking apart) of a substance in solution into ions. 
Example: putting salt in water
A

ionization

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20
Q

dealing with ionization; a positively charged atom or group of atoms, i.e. sodium

A

Cation

“cat” ions

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21
Q

dealing with ionization; a negatively charged atom or group of atoms, i.e. chlorine

A

Anion

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22
Q

dealing with ionization; percentage of hydrogen ion in solution

A

pH

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23
Q

dealing with ionization; The chemical reaction between an acid and a base that will always form a salt and water

A

Neutralization

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24
Q

dealing with ionization; The compounds formed, other than water, in the chemical reaction between an acids and bases

A

Salts

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25
dealing with ionization; have a pH of less than 7
Acids - acidic pH
26
dealing with ionization; have a pH above 7
Bases - alkaline pH
27
If you start out with a salt and water
hydrolysis
28
If you start with an acid and base
neutralization
29
To check a solution to being acidic or alkaline is by an indicator paper called
litmus paper
30
litmus paper comes in what two colors?
red or blue
31
The normal color of alkaline or basic pH when tested with a red litmus paper will turn the paper
blue
32
If blue litmus paper is used to test of an acidic solution it will turn the litmus paper
red
33
White on litmus paper would indicate
that it is neutral | pH of 7
34
theories on Acids: | substance which yields hydrogen or hydronium ions in aqueous solution. This definition is chemically correct
Arrhenius
35
theories on Acids: acids which donates a proton. A false theory
Bronsted - Lowry
36
theories on Acids: acids that accepts a pair of electrons. (His error was that electrons don’t have to be in pairs)
Lewis
37
theories on Bases: yields hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
Arrhenius
38
theories on Bases: a substance that accepts or gains a proton. A false theory
Bronsted - Lowry
39
theories on Bases: a substance that donates a pair of electrons
Lewis
40
physical properties of oxygen
an odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas. It is heavier than air
41
Chemical properties of oxygen
- Combines with most elements to produce compounds called oxides. - Supports combustion (defined) - a rapid oxidation in which heat and light are produced - usually accompanied by a flame. - Acts as an oxidizing agent.
42
compounds which contain two (2) elements one of which is oxygen.
oxides
43
oxidation can be defined in four ways
1) the addition of oxygen from a substance 2) the removal of hydrogen from a substance 3) increase in the oxidation number of an atom 4) the loss of electrons in reaction
44
reduction can be defined in four ways
1) loss or removal of oxygen from a substance 2) gain or addition of hydrogen to a substance 3) a decrease in charge or oxidation number of an atom 4) gain of electrons during reaction
45
redox _______ occur independently of each other
will never
46
LEO GERs
Oxidation- loss of electrons | Reduction- gain of electrons
47
OIL RIG
oxidation is loss of electrons | reduction is gain of electrons
48
**
In redox reactions, one substance is oxidized and another substance is reduced. A comparison of oxidation numbers can be made of the elements on the reactant side of the equation to the same elements on the product side. This comparison will determine which substance has been oxidized and which substance has been reduced
49
oxidizing agent is
reduced
50
reducing agent is
oxidized
51
whatever is oxidized
losses
52
whatever is reduced is
gained
53
Who says "Your loss is my gain"?
oxidizing agent
54
Who says "Sorry about that"?
reducing agent
55
_______ solutions (crystalloids) are homogenous mixtures of two or more substances
true
56
A/An ______ solution is one which contains water
aqueous
57
A solid solution known as a/an ______ is a metallic substance composed of two or more metallic substances
alloy
58
The component of a solution that is present in greatest quantity is called the _______
solvent
59
Solutions which contain relatively low concentrations of solute are called _____ solutions
dilute
60
Solutions which contain relatively high concentrations of solute are called ___________ solutions
concentrated
61
The component of a solution that is dissolved is called the ______
solute
62
The substance of a solution which does the dissolving is the ________
solvent
63
Relative to embalming fluids, a synonym for the solvent of water would be called the ______
vehicle
64
The amount of solute present in a given amount of solvent at saturation describes _____________.
saturation point
65
three qualitative terms
saturated unsaturated supersaturated
66
any solution which contains the maximum amount of solute which is capable of being dissolved at standard temperature and pressure
saturated
67
any solution which contains less than the maximum amount of solute which is capable of being dissolved
unsaturated
68
any solution which contains more solute than it is capable of dissolving.
supersaturated
69
When formaldehyde gas is dissolved in water the resulting solution is called _______
formalin
70
how are concentrations of solutions quantitatively expressed
ratio method percentage method parts per million
71
part solution to parts solute
ratio
72
percent of solution to percent of solute
percentage method
73
cubits of air
parts per million | ppm
74
TWA
0.75 ppm
75
STEL
2 ppm
76
Action Level
0.5 ppm
77
The number of grams of pure formaldehyde gas in 100 milliliters of solutions defines ______
index
78
The diffusion of fluids thru semipermeable membranes or porous partitions describes __________.
osmosis
79
does not need a semipermeable membrane
diffusion
80
Two solutions of equal concentrations
isotonic
81
meaning more or excessive solute
hypertonic solution
82
meaning less or below - less solute
hypotonic solution
83
In addition to true solutions, other solution like systems are _________ and _________ which differ primarily in particle size
emulsions | suspensions
84
Inasmuch as solutions are diffusible, they therefore lend themselves to ______ which is diffusion through membranes
osmosis
85
Two solutions that have the same solute concentration are said to be _______
isotonic
86
A ________ solution is one that contains a lower solute concentration that of the other solution. This type solution may cause cells to burst which results in _________
hypotonic | hemolysis
87
Edematous remains would require a more __________ solution in order to __________ from body tissues
hypertonic (plasmoptysis) | withdraw moisture
88
a ________ solution is one that contains a higher solute concentration than the opposing solution. This, in turn will cause body cells to SHRINK which is called __________
hypertonic | crenation (plasmolysis)
89
Dehydrated bodies should be injected with a ________ solution
hypotonic
90
edematous bodies should be injected with a ________ solution
hypertonic
91
another type of solution like substance only designated by particle size. Examples are blood plasma and egg white solution, mayonnaise; also oil and vinegar.
emulsions
92
mixtures such as milk of magnesia
suspensions
93
a rapid oxidation in which heat and light are produced - usually accompanied by a flame.
combustion
94
Does oxygen burn?
no, it supports combustion
95
a slow oxidation that develops by itself into combustion.
Spontaneous combustion
96
NH(4)
Ammonium +1 is the only one
97
Hydroxide Cyanide Hypochlorite
OH -1 CN -1 OCl -1

Trakesha's 4th Quarter (20 decks)

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