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Trakesha's 4th Quarter > Chemistry Exam 5 > Flashcards

Chemistry Exam 5 Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Another highly specialized type of proteins are the

A

enzymes

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2
Q

Enzymes function primarily as

A

organic catalysts

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3
Q

agents which may alter chemical reaction without itself begin permanently changed (used up)

A

catalysts

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4
Q

naming of enzymes

A

nomenclature

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5
Q

The compound or type of compound upon which an enzyme works

A

substrate

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6
Q

most enzymes are named by adding this suffix to the root name of the substrate

A

ase

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7
Q

catalysts the breakdown of its substrate urea

A

urease

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8
Q

two general classes of enzymes

A

proteases

lipases

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9
Q

enzymes which breakdown proteins

A

proteases

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10
Q

enzymes which breakdown lipids (fats & oils)

A

lipases

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11
Q

those enzymes catalyzing the decomposition of human remains are generally __________ and __________ in nature

A

proteolytic

hydrolytic

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12
Q

Splitting or tearing apart of compounds by the addition of water. 2nd definition: a chemical reaction between a salt and water which yields or produces an acid and base of equal strength

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

The two distinct sources of putrefactive catalysts

A

saprophytic bacteria

lysosomes

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14
Q

organisms that obtain their food from dead organic matter

A

saprophytic bacteria

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15
Q

special structure in certain cells, upon death of a cell releases autolytic enzyme; a chemical defense against infection; present in tears

A

lysosomes - lysozyme – bactericidal

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16
Q

A unique characteristic of lysosomes (cells) are their ability to self-digest surrounding cellular substances. This self-cell digestion is referred to as

A

autolysis

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17
Q

carbohydrates are composed of

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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18
Q

carbohydrates are structurally _________ and ______ derivatives of ___________

A

aldehyde
ketone
polyhydroxy alcohols

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19
Q

three important aspects of carbohydrates

A

1) Carbohydrates will have at least four (4) or more OH Groups since they are polyhydroxy alcohols.
2) If it was an aldehyde derivative you would find the carbohydrate on an end carbon.
3) If it was ketone derivative you would find the carbohydrate off a non-end carbon.

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20
Q

simple sugars which cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrate molecules. They do not undergo hydrolysis

A

monosaccharides

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21
Q

simple sugars that contain 6 carbons

A

hexoses

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22
Q

these two simple sugars occur freely in nature

A

glucose and fructose

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23
Q

common name for glucose

A

blood sugar

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24
Q

what is the molecular formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

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25
simple sugar that is derived from an aldehyde; carbonyl group is attached to an end carbon
aldose
26
glucose is an (aldose/ketose)
aldose
27
a sugar derived from a ketone; carbonyl group is attached to non-end carbon
ketose
28
common name for fructose
fruit sugar
29
a monosaccharide with 3 carbons
triose
30
a monosaccharide with 4 carbons
tetrose
31
a monosaccharide with 5 carbons
pentose
32
a monosaccharide with 6 carbons
hexose
33
a monosaccharide with 7 carbons
heptose
34
are carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into two (2) monosaccharides. They are formed when 2 monosaccharides combine by splitting a molecule of water.
disaccharides
35
three major disaccharides
lactose maltose sucrose
36
a disaccharide: also called milk sugar; the basis for lactic acid in milk
lactose
37
a disaccharide: also called malt sugar or grain sugar; found in germinating grains
maltose
38
a disaccharide: also called table sugar, cane sugar, or beet sugar; from sugar canes and beets
sucrose
39
complex sugars; those carbohydrates which yield many (three or more) monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.
polysaccharides
40
an example of a polysaccharide: potatoes& crackers
starch
41
an example of a polysaccharide: stored from of glucose
glycogen
42
an example of a polysaccharide: substance that termites can break down, but we can't
cellulose
43
the breakdown of a compound into simpler units by addition of the components of water
hydrolysis
44
do not undergo hydrolysis
monosaccharides
45
upon hydrolysis form two monosaccharides
disaccharides
46
are first hydrolyzed into two or more dissachrides then complete yield many monosaccharides
polysaccharides
47
The process by which carbohydrates decompose by enzymes
fermentation
48
starch in grains may be used as a source of
ethyl alcohol
49
the bursting of sugar
saccharolysis
50
the branch of chemistry that deals with compounds produced by living organisms
biochemistry
51
are biochemical compounds of major importance; defined as - an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and sometimes phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) and polymers of amino acids
proteins
52
the decomposition of proteins
proteolysis
53
compounds which contain two functional groups: the carboxyl group - COOH and the amino group - NH2. These are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
54
The simplest amino acid
glycine
55
glycine is a member of what group
COOH
56
all amino acids have both the _________ group and the ________ group; therefore, they too may act as acids and bases.
carboxyl | amino
57
properties of amino acids
amphoteric | buffers
58
the ability of a substance, such as an amino acid, to act as an acid or base.
amphoretic
59
any compounds that protects a solution against changes in pH
Buffers
60
By definition, a protein is a chain of amino acids joined together by the
peptide linkage
61
Glycine and alanine can be joined to each other by the elimination of one molecule of water to form a
dipeptide
62
decomposition of proteins either in putrefaction or decay
Proteolysis
63
The anaerobic decomposition of proteins brought about by the action of enzymes is called
putrefaction
64
the decomposition of proteins by enzymes of aerobic bacteria
Decay
65
Putrefaction involves three major chemical reactions:
hydrolysis deamination decarboxylation
66
the final hydrolytic products of putrefaction
amino acids
67
the absorption of the liquid portion of blood by the surrounding tissue following death
imbibition
68
the removal of the amino group from the amino acid; formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to produce hexamathylene tetraamine (utrotopin)
deamination
69
the removal of the carboxyl group from an amino acid to yield carbon dioxide water and an amine
decarboxylation
70
The final decomposition products are:
1) Hydrocarbons 2) Organic acids 3) Amines (NH2) and ammonia (NH3)- functional group- amino 4) Carbon dioxide 5) Hydrogen sulfide - Sulfur
71
function as the insulating layer of the body. The structural component in cell membranes and as storage as energy
Lipids
72
Lipids are commonly referred to as
fats and oils
73
Properties of lipids:
1) Insoluble in water. 2) Soluble in organic solvents. 3) Have the same elements present as do sugars and carbohydrates (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen). The insolubility of lipids distinguishes them from carbohydrates.
74
Lipids are classified on the basis of
their hydrolysis products
75
are products of hydrolysis which produces fatty acids and glycerol are those products of fats and oils. Compounds whose products of hydrolysis are fatty acids and alcohols
Simple lipids
76
whether the lipids is a fat or oil depends on
its physical state
77
a simple lipid; which at room temperature is solid or semi-solid. It contains a high percentage of saturated fatty acids
fat
78
a simple lipid; which at room temperature is solid or semi-solid. They are liquid and contain a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids
oil
79
physical properties of simple lipids
solubility and emusification
80
- The act of mixing two insoluble liquids
emulsification
81
the measure of how well two substances mix
solubility
82
physical state of lipids
fats are solid at room temperature and oils are liquid at room temperature
83
chemical changes of lipids
final products of hydrolysis | saponification (only associated with fats)
84
A chemical property of lipids is when fatty acids or oils are boiled (soap making) - a reaction between a fatty acid and strong base which produces glycerol and salt of a fatty acid - (a soap). Although the products are technically salts, commonly they are referred to as soap.
saponification
85
a white waxy material produced by saponification of body fat. If a body is buried in alkaline soil. It can be produced over a period of time; also known as grave wax
adipocere
86
lipids formed from combo of unsaturated and/or saturated fatty acids with high molecular weight alcohols, others than glycerol
waxes
87
Examples of waxes: beeswax, carnuba, lanolin
beeswax, carnuba, lanolin
88
A common name for any fat/oil
triglyceride
89
are those products of hydrolysis which result in fatty acids, an alcohol and other compounds
compound lipids
90
types of compound lipids
a. Glycolipids b. Sphingolipids c. Phosolipids
91
various steroids such as cholesterol hormones
Miscellaneous lipids (Derived lipids)
92
three types of miscellaneous lipids (derived lipids)
a. Terpenes- menthol, rubber b. Steroids c. Cholesterol
93
high density lipoprotein 200 or less
HDL | good cholesterol
94
low density lipoprotein 130 or above
LDL | bad cholesterol
95
very low density lipoprotein
VLDL

Trakesha's 4th Quarter (20 decks)

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