Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gdansk > Chemistry written exam > Flashcards

Chemistry written exam Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is matter?

A

anything that takes up a space and displays the properties of mass and inertia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

From what can matter be distinguished through?

A
  • composition and properties.
  • The composition of matter refers to the different components of matter along with their relative proportions. The properties of matter refer to the qualities/attributes that distinguish one sample of matter from another. These properties are generally grouped into two categories: physical or chemical.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are physical properties?

A

A physical property is one that is displayed without any change in composition. (Intensive or Extensive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an intensive property? Give an example

A

A physical property that will be the same regardless of the amount of matter.
•density: m/v
•color: The pigment or shade
•conductivity: electricity to flow through the substance
•malleability: if a substance can be flattened
•luster: how shiny the substance looks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an extensive property? Give an example

A

A physical property that will change if the amount of matter changes.
•mass: how much matter in the sample
•volume: How much space the sample takes up
•length: How long the sample is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are chemical properties?

A

Any characteristic that gives a sample of matter the ability/inability to undergo a change that alters its composition. Examples: Alkali metals react with water; Paper’s ability to burn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

Change in which one or more kinds of matter are transformed to new kinds of matter with altered compositions (or Chemical Reaction).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What defines an element?

A
  • consists of only one kind of atom,
  • cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means, and
  • can exist as either atoms (e.g. argon) or molecules (e.g., nitrogen).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element but with different mass number, they differe by the number of neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the composition of an atom

A

an atom consists of a nucleus, in the nucleus you can fin protons and neutrons. Outside the nucleus are the electrons. The number of protons are equal to the number of electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define relative atomic mass

A

the number of protons and the number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a mole?

A

A mole is the amount of pure substance containing the same number of chemical units as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 (i.e., 6.023 X 1023)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

State the law of conservation of mass

A

or the law of indestructibility of matter matter is neither created nor destroyed as a result of any chemical change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

State the ideal gas law. State what the law shows. What is the formula?

A

The ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation to the behaviour of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations
PV=nRT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

An empirical formula shows the most basic form of a compound. Empirical formulas show the number of atoms of each element in a compound in the most simplified state using whole numbers. Empirical formulas tend to tell us very little about a compound because one cannot determine the structure, shape, or properties of the compound without knowing the molecular formula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

A structural formula displays the atoms of the molecule in the order they are bonded. It also depicts how the atoms are bonded to one another, for example single, double, and triple covalent bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is stoichiometry?

A

Involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. An important branch of stereochemistry is the study of chiral molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What defines a strong acid?

A

will almost fully ionise/dissociate straight away, producing H+ (aq) ions from water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What defines a weak acid?

A

only partially dissociate into ions, leaving a high percentage of unreacted molecules in the solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is oxidation?

A

It is the loss of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is reduction?

A

It is the gain of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the oxidation number?

A

It is an indicator of the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Alkanes composed of single bonds and saturated with hydrogen, Formula CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the chemical characteristics of Aliphatics?
They are alkanes and alkenes that do not contain benzene ring
26
Describe the combustion reaction of alkanes
Alkanes can react with O2 by combustion reaction. It can burn with the presence of excess oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O. Also burn with a supply of O2 producing CO and H2O. And with extremely limited O2 producing C and H2O.
27
With what do alkanes undergo subsitution reaction?
halogenes
28
Desccribe substitution reaction of alkanes
Substitution reaction undergo first initiation where the halogens react to form two radicals with UV light. Then it undergo propagation where both compounds use and produce free radicals and allot the reaction to continue. Last step is termination where the reaction remove the free radicals from the mixture and causes the compounds to react and pair up their electrons.
29
What are alkenes?
They are composed of double bonds and are unsaturated
30
What are alkynes?
They are composed of triple bonds and are unsaturated
31
Describe the aromatic reaction of nitration
Nitration is type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. A mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acids is used as a catalyst. This mixture produces water and nitronium ion NO2+, which is active in aromatic nitration. This can be used in the nitration of benzene, where NO2+ attacks on the ring and replaced by one H, that is reacted then with water.
32
What is ortho-substitution?
two substituents occupy positions next to each other, which may be numbered 1 and 2.
33
What is meta-substitution?
the substituents occupy positions 1 and 3
34
What is para-substitution?
the substituents occupy the opposite ends as R
35
What is an alcohol?
it is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a saturated carbon atom
36
Describe esterfication from alcohol and carboxylic acid
To form an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid the reaction, known as Fischer esterification, is usually performed at reflux with a catalyst of concentrated sulfuric acid: R-OH + R'-COOH → R'-COOR + H2O
37
Describe dehydration of alcohols
E1 elimination reaction of alcohols to produce alkenes. The reaction, in general, obeys Zaitsev's Rule, which states that the most stable (usually the most substituted) alkene is formed. Tertiary alcohols eliminate easily at just above room temperature, but primary alcohols require a higher temperature.
38
Describe what happens when alcohol is oxidised
Primary alcohols can be oxidized either to aldehydes or to carboxylic acids, while the oxidation of secondary alcohols normally terminates at the ketone stage. Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation.
39
Describe the outcome of the combustion of alcohols
Burning of alcohol with O2 produces CO2, when O2 is limited it will produce CO
40
Are phenols acidic or basic compared to alcohols?
they are acidic
41
What is the biggest difference between an alcohol and a phenol (structure)?
Thenols have a benzene ring whereas alcohols do not
42
Describe the structure of aldehydes
Have a hydrogen molecule attached to the carbon and oxygen double bond, functional group: CHO-group. Can oxidize because of the hydrogen atom
43
Describe the structure of ketones
Do not have the hydrogen attached to the carbon and oxygen double bond, functional group: CO-group. They cannot oxidize
44
How are aldehydes and carboxylic acids obtained?
By the oxidation of primary alcohols
45
How are ketones obtained?
By the oxidation of secondary alcohols
46
How are esters obtained?
Esters are created when the hydrogen on a carboxylic acid is replaced by an alkyl group. Esters (RCOOR1) are named as alkyl alkanoates
47
How are amides produced?
When carboxylic acids react with amines they produce amides, also from the derivative of carboxilic acid
48
How many carbons are found at the fructose and glucose carbon backbone?
6 carbons, they are hexose
49
What kind of compound is glucose?
It is a aldose because it has a aldehyde group
50
What kind of compound is fructose?
It is a ketose because it has a ketone group
51
What kind of carbohydrate is glucose and fructose?
monosaccharide
52
What are triglycerides made of?
3 fatty acids and glycerol
53
What is the structure of a fatty acid?
They are composed of a long long carbon backbone, they contain a carboxylic acid group
54
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
Each nucleotide has three components: a5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
55
Define first ionization energy
the energy required to remove one mlle of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms
56
Define electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond
57
What is a metalic bond?
2 metals
58
What is a covalent bond?
non-metals
59
What is a polar covalent bond?
2 different non-metals
60
What is a non-polar covalent bond?
the same non-metals
61
What is an ionic bond?
one metal + one non-metal
62
What is a hydrogen bond?
H directly bonden to F, N or O
63
What is an exothermic reaction?
It releases heat to the surpundings due to the fact that it breaks bonds e.g. all neutralization reactions are exothermic
64
What is an endothermic reaction?
It absorbes heat due to the fact that it makes bonds
65
Formula for exthalpy change?
q=mcT(change in temperature)
66
Define activation energy?
It is the minimum amount of energy required in order for a reaction to start
67
Describe the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction
Adding a catalyst increases the rate of reaction, but itself is not used up in the reaction. Catalyst speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy or providing an alternative pathway for the reacting particles.
68
What is a dynamic equilibrium?
is the state where the forward and reversed reaction still continues to occure, but the rate of forward reaction = the reacte of reverse reaction (it exists only in a container that does not allow the exchange of materials)
69
State Le Chateliers principle
a system at equilibrium when subjected to a change will respond in such a way as to minimize the effect of the change

Gdansk (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions