Interview part 9 Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are the 3 different hormone cathegories?
Steroid
Peptide
Amine
What is so special about steroid homones? Give examples
Lipids arrived from cholesterol. Enter the target cells through the plasma membrane. Bind to receptor proteins in the cytoplasm and form a steroid/receptor complex which affects the gene expression. Can act directly as a transcriptional regulator. Examples are Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
What is so special about peptide homones? Give examples
Short polypeptide chains. Cannot enter the target cell. Binds to receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane, which activates second messenger within the cell. Acts indirectly to change cellular activity. Examples are Insulin, glucagon
What is so special about amine homones? Give examples
Derive from aromatic amino acids. Examples is Thyroxine
What are hormones?
Hormones are chemical messenger, neurotransmitter, secreated by endocrine glands directly into the blood stream.
Which functions have receptors?
. Receptors have two functions: first, they bind the hormone, and secondly, they transduce (change the type of) the signal to affect the metabolism of the recipient cell.
On what ability is it dependent in order for a cell to response a hormone?
The ability of a cell to respond to a hormone depends on two properties of the receptor molecule: how many of them are on a particular cell, and how well they bind the hormone.
How are hormones involved in stress?
Thanks to the work of our sympathetic nervous system, the “fight or flight” system that takes over when we’re stressed. Behind the wide range of both physical and mental reactions to stress are a number of hormones that are in charge of adding fuel to the fire such as adrenaline, norepinephrine and cortisol.Of course estrogen and testosterone are also hormones that affect how we react to stress, as are the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. But the classic fight-or-flight reaction is mostly due to the three major players mentioned above (The menstrual cycle can stop).
Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
FSH, LH, growth hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Prolactin, ADH, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Oxytocin
Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland
Thyroxine, triiodo-thyronine, calcitonin
Hormones secreted by the parathyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone
Hormones secreted by the adrenal gland
Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, dehydro-
epiandrosterone (DHEA)
Hormones secreted by the pancreas
Insulin, glucagone, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin
Hormones secreted by the sex glands
Progesterone, estrogen
Hormones secreted by the thymus gland
Thymosin
Hormones secreted by the pineal gland
Melatonine
Describe diabetes I
The onset is usually early, sometimes during childhood. Β cells do not produce enough insulin. Diet by itself cannot be used to control the condition. Insulin injections are needed to control glucose level.
Describe diabetes II
The onset is usually late, sometimes after childhood. Target cells become insensitive to insulin. Insulin injections are not usually needed. Low carbohydrate diet can control the condition.
what is the role of insulin?
The role of insulin is to lower blood sugar (glucose) levels by allowing cells in the muscle, liver and fat to take up sugar from the bloodstream that has been absorbed from food and store it away as energy.
Which hormones are produced by the Kidney?
Erythropoietin, vitamin D
Which hormones are produced by the Stomach?
Gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide (entrogastrone)
Which hormones are produced by the Placenta?
Oestrogen, progesterone
