Interview part 7 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Motor neurons
Nerved fibers that are involved in motor control
What is the site of the neuron controlling the functional connection is called?
synapse
What are neurotransmitters?
Neurons communicate with the cells that they control by releasing chemicals at the synapse
What is the function of calcium ions on the presynaptic neuron?
The calcium ions pushes the vesicles with the neutrotransmitter towards the synapse in oder to be released into the synaptic cleft.
Give an example of an effector?
muscles (contraction), endocrine systems (secreteion)
Describe the formation of an action potential
The formation of an action potential can be divided into five steps. (1) A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron causes the target cell to depolarize toward the threshold potential. (2) If the threshold of excitation is reached, all Na+ channels open and the membrane depolarizes. (3) At the peak action potential, K+ channels open and K+ begins to leave the cell. At the same time, Na+ channels close. (4) The membrane becomes hyperpolarized as K+ ions continue to leave the cell. The hyperpolarized membrane is in a refractory period and cannot fire. (5) The K+ channels close and the Na+/K+ transporter restores the resting potential.
What is depolarization?
The shift of charge
Which parts belong to the central nervous system?
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord
What connects the spinal chord?
it provides two-ways communication between the CNS and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
What connects the brain?
The brain connects to the spinal cord through the brainstem which allows two-way communication between them
Medulla oblongata
controls the autonomic and homeostatic actions, such as swallowing, digestion and vomiting, and breathing and heat activity (temperature)
Cerebellum
coordinates unconscious functions, such as movement and balance
Hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis, coordinates the nervous and the endocrine system, secreting hormones of the posterior pituitary, and releasing factors regulating the anterior pituitary.
Pituitary gland
the posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe, and produces and secretes hormones regulating many body functions.
Cerebral hemispheres
acts as the integrating center of high complex functions such as learning, memory and emotions
What is the Cerebrosphinal fluid (CSF)?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid that bathes the brain and spinal cord. While the primary function of CSF is to cushion the brain within the skull and serve as a shock absorber for the central nervous system, CSF also circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood and removes waste products from the brain. Examining the fluid can be useful in diagnosing many diseases of the nervous system, including MS.
Which are the 3 main functions of the cerebrosphinal fluid (CSF)?
- CSF protects brain and spinal cord from trauma.
- CSF supplies nutrients to nervous system tissue.
- CSF removes waste products from cerebral metabolism.
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. Alzheimer’s is not a normal part of aging. Alzheimer’s is caused by brain cell death. It is a neurodegenerative disease, which means there is progressive brain cell death that happens over a course of time.
What is Parkinson disease?
- Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which leads to progressive deterioration of motor function due to loss of dopamine-producing brain cells.
- Primary symptoms include tremor, stiffness, slowness, impaired balance, and later on a shuffling gait.
- Some secondary symptoms include anxiety, depression, and dementia.
How many pairs of cranial nerves exists?
12 pairs
What are the different spinal nerves?
In humans there are 31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
What controles the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) ?
controls homeostasis and the body at rest and is responsible for the body’s “rest and digest” function
What controls the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) ?
controls the body’s responses to a perceived threat and is responsible for the “fight or flight” response
PSN and SNS are part of which system?
autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the involuntary functions of the human body.
