Chemo pt 2 slides 21+

Question 1

what are two examples of aminoglycosides

Answer 1

gentamicin
tobramycin

Question 2

why are polyenes not administered orally

Answer 2

poor absorption

Question 3

what types of drugs act like detergents to disrupt phospholipid membranes

Answer 3

polymyxins

Question 4

how do tetracyclines affect protein synthesis

Answer 4

interfere with attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex on 30s portion

Question 5

name one oral azole

Answer 5

fluconazole

Question 6

what class of drugs inhibit DNA synthesis

Answer 6

fluroquinolones

Question 7

what class of drug that inhibits protein synthesis is broad spectrum and has widespread resistance

Answer 7

tetracyclines

Question 8

azithromycin can be used to treat what

Answer 8

chlamydia
gonorrhea

Question 9

what is linezolid used to treat

Answer 9

infections that are otherwise difficult to treat like VRE and MRSA

Question 10

macrolides are especially useful versus what type of bacteria

Answer 10

gram positive

Question 11

how can peripheral neuropathy due to isoniazid be reduced

Answer 11

with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Question 12

what is chloramphenicol used for

Answer 12

rickettsial diseases
meningitis
typhoid
fever
cholera

Question 13

how do allylamines work

Answer 13

they inhibit an enzyme upstream from the enzyme inhibited by azoles

Question 14

what are some adverse effects of polyenes

Answer 14

nephrotoxicity
anemia
infusion-related reaction
phlebitis

Question 15

what type of bacteria is metronidazole very effective for

Answer 15

gram - anaerobic bacteria

Question 16

what is an antibiotic that affects DNA synthesis mostly used for UTIs

Answer 16

nitrofurantoin

Question 17

what are two major adverse effects of aminoglycosides

Answer 17

nephrotoxicity
ototoxicity

Question 18

what are the 3 main mechanisms used by bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics

Answer 18

reduction of bacterial permeability

enzymatic degradation of antibiotics

modification of the action site

Question 19

what drugs can be used as a substitute for penicillin in patients displaying hypersensitivity

Answer 19

macrolides

Question 20

name two examples of macrolides

Answer 20

clarithromycin
azithromycin

Question 21

how does chloramphenicol affect protein synthesis

Answer 21

binds to 50s subunit and inhibits formation of peptide bond

Question 22

name 2 topical azoles

Answer 22

clotrimazole
miconazole

Question 23

what bacteria are aminoglycosides useful against

Answer 23

gram - aerobic bacilli

Question 24

what drug that inhibits protein synthesis can cause photosensitivity

Answer 24

tetracyclines

Question 25

linezolid is a member of what class

Answer 25

oxazolidinones

Question 26

how are polymyxins administered and why

Answer 26

topically/injected winthin an infected body cavity due to nephrotoxicity

Question 27

what do most antifungal drugs target

Answer 27

ergosterol

Question 28

how do polyenes work

Answer 28

bind to ergosterol and form holes in the fungal membrane

Question 29

what are the two subunits of the prokaryotic ribosome structure?

Answer 29

30s subunit 50s subunit

Question 30

why does tuberculosis have a high risk of resistance

Answer 30

because it has a very prolonged treatment with a large combination of drugs

Question 31

what is an adverse effect of fluroquinolones

Answer 31

tendinopahties nausea

Question 32

ciprofloxacin levofloxacin moxifloxacin are examples of what type of drugs

Answer 32

fluroquinolones

Question 33

what are some adverse effects of metronidazole

Answer 33

nausea metallic taste dizziness/vertigo disulfiram effect

Question 34

who cannot eliminate chloramphenicol well

Answer 34

newborns

Question 35

what is the drug of choice to treat bacillus anthracis

Answer 35

fluroquinolones

Question 36

what kind of drug is chloramphenicol

Answer 36

broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis

Question 37

name 3 examples of fluroquinolones

Answer 37

ciprofloxacin levofloxacin moxifloxacin

Question 38

what 4 things do tetracyclines interact with

Answer 38

milk antacids calcium iron

Question 39

what are 3 drugs used for tuberculosis

Answer 39

rifampin Isoniazid ethambutol

Question 40

what is the 30s subunit responsible for

Answer 40

decoding mRNA

Question 41

name some adverse effects of rifampin

Answer 41

discoloration of body fluids epigastric pain flu-like symptoms

Question 42

what drug (used for tuberculosis) is a powerful inducer of cytochromes P450

Answer 42

rifampin

Question 43

how do macrolides affect protein synthesis

Answer 43

they bind to 50s portion and prevent translocation-movement of ribosome along mRNA

Question 44

what is an example of an allylamine

Answer 44

terbinafine

Question 45

what is tetracycline used to treat

Answer 45

acne H pylori

Question 46

clindamycin is a member of what class

Answer 46

lincosides

Question 47

what is clindamycin often used to

Answer 47

soft tissue infections (esp for allergies to beta-lactams) bacterial vaginosis

Question 48

what type of bacteria do polymyxins treat

Answer 48

gram - bacteria

Question 49

what drug can lead to gray baby syndrome

Answer 49

chloramphenicol

Question 50

how do azoles work

Answer 50

they inhibit an enzyme involved in the synthesis of ergosterol

Question 51

what are two kinds of ergosterol synthesis inhibitors

Answer 51

azoles allylamines

Question 52

how do aminoglycosides affect protein synthesis

Answer 52

they cahnge the shape of 30s portion causing code on mRNA to be read incorrectly

Question 53

name tow antimicrobials that share the same mechanism of action as macrolides

Answer 53

clindamycin linezolid

Question 54

what is nitrofurantoin used to treat

Answer 54

UTIs

Question 55

how are mycobacteria distinguished from other bacteria

Answer 55

cell wall filled with waxy lipids

Question 56

what kind of drug that inhibits protein synthesis should NOT be used during pregnancy and why

Answer 56

tetracyclines it has a high affinity for bone

Question 57

what is an adverse effect of ethambutol

Answer 57

optic neuritis

Question 58

how are aminoglycosides administered and why

Answer 58

iv or im because they're charged and not well absorbed orally

Question 59

what type of bacteria are fluroquinolones very active against

Answer 59

gram - aerobic bacilli

Question 60

name 3 examples of tetracyclines

Answer 60

tetracycline doxycycline minocycline

Question 61

what are some adverse effects of isoniazid

Answer 61

peripheral neuropathy

Question 62

what are the two types of antifungal drugs

Answer 62

polyenes Ergosterol synthesis inhibitiors

Question 63

what do tetracyclines have a high affinity for?

Answer 63

bone and teeth

Question 64

what lowers absorption of fluroquinolones

Answer 64

calcium iron aluminum magnesium

Question 65

what is an adverse effect of clarithromycin

Answer 65

risk of toxicity for any drug normally inactivated by the liver because it inhibits hepatic enzymes

Question 66

what is a big adverse effect of chloramphenicol

Answer 66

bone marrow suppression

Question 67

what is the 50s subunit responsible for

Answer 67

peptide bond formation

Question 68

name two polyenes and their routes

Answer 68

amphotericin B -iv nystatin - topical

Question 69

what is doxycycline used to treat

Answer 69

chlamydia

Question 70

macrolides are often used to treat what

Answer 70

respiratory infections

Question 71

what bacteria causes tuberculosis

Answer 71

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 72

what things are fluroquinolones used to treat

Answer 72

anthrax pneumonia intra-abdominal infections

Question 73

what drug that inhibits protein synthesis has a risk for superinfections

Answer 73

tetracyclines

Question 74

what is metronidazole used to treat

Answer 74

intra-abdominal infections trichomoniasis bacterial vaginosis aquatic protozoa

Question 75

what are polyenes

Answer 75

antifungal drugs