child assessment Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
A state of complete physical, mental and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity
A
health
2
Q
health is not a condition, but an
A
adjustment
3
Q
health is not a state, but a
A
process
4
Q
The process helps us to adapt not only to our physical, but also to our
A
social environments
5
Q
significant person of infant:
A
mother/caregiver
6
Q
child health is closely related to their
A
growth and development
7
Q
child health is directly proportional to
A
the growth and development
8
Q
child health is the responsibility of?
A
every adult
9
Q
child health needs to be assessed frequently to ?
A
pitfalls
10
Q
A healthy child will grow to be a ?
A
healthy adult
11
Q
if a child has ???, then she/he is mentally healthy
A
no satisfaction
12
Q
STAGES OF GROWTH IN
CHILDREN (4)
A
infancy
early childhood
middle childhood
late childhood
13
Q
infancy
A
birth to 12 months
14
Q
neonate
A
0-28 days
15
Q
early childhood
A
1-6 years
16
Q
early childhood phases
A
toddler, preschooler
17
Q
toddler
A
1-3 years
18
Q
preschooler
A
3-6 years
19
Q
school age
A
middle childhood (6-12 years)
20
Q
late childhood
A
11-19 years
21
Q
late childhood phases
A
pre pubertal, adolescence
22
Q
pre pubertal
A
10-13 years
23
Q
adolescence
A
13-18 years
24
Q
METHODSOFHEALTH ASSESSMENT
(For all age groups) [4]
A
Dietary History
H/O illness
General examination
Biochemical examination
25
food na mabilis kainin ng baby (cerelac, gerber, etc)
staple food
26
process of transitioning an infant from breast milk or formula to solid foods
weaning
27
history of illness
[source]
mother/caregiver
28
immunization status (for all ???)
VPD (vaccine preventable diseases)
29
in assessing emotional health in children, what's evident?
emotional stress & anxiety
30
general examination (3 important)
- general physical exam
- nutritional anthropometry
- neuromuscular control
31
what to check in assessment of tissue growth
check if it's delayed
32
what to check in bone age
check if bones are brittle
33
is the scientific study of human body measurements, including height, weight, body proportions, and composition.
Anthropometry
34
congenital heart condition: has hole in septum of heart, mixing the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
tetralogy of fallot
35
measuring tools for weight
Infant weighing scale (manual/ electronic),
Salter spring machine, Bathroom scale
36
development of infant: from ??? to ???
proximal to distal
37
measuring tools for length
infantometer
stadiometer
38
measuring tools for MAC (mid-upper arm circumference)
tape measure
bangle
Shakir's tape
39
measuring tools for OFC (Occipitofrontal Circumference)
tape measure
40
measuring tools for chest circumference
tape measure
41
measuring tools for BMI
Weight/Height(2)
42
measuring tools for skin fold thickness
harpenden
best skin calipers
43
measuring tools for neuromuscular control
milestones
motor skills
44
General condition
Appearance, activity, stature
Face–Appearance, eyes, lips, oral cavity
Glands &lymph nodes
Skin–colour, hydration, rashes, edema
45
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
INFANTS &TODDLERS
Compare against ???
Take ‘???’ for preterms
Take note of ??? or ???
normal children;
Corrected age;
disability or handicap
46
PSYCHOLOGICALEXAMINATION
PRESCHOOLAGE
???- Play, climbing, speech,
feeding
???– Posture, walking, play, manipulation with toys
??? – understanding matching color, concentration, visual acuity
???– Body parts,
pictures, commands
Adaptive behaviour;
Vision;
Performance;
Comprehension of language
47
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
SCHOOL AGE & ADOLESCENCE
[3] skills-Three ‘R’s, drawing
???, ???
??? tests
[4]
Application, concentration, organizational;
Vision, hearing;
IQ;
Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale
Wechsler Intelligence Scale
Good enough ‘Draw a Man’ test
Denver Development Screening Test
48
Understanding of family dynamics and parent-child relationships:
IDENTIFY KEY FAMILY MEMBERS
49
frequency of pediatric assessment in the 1st year
every month
50
frequency of pediatric assessment in the 2nd and 3rd year
every 3 months
51
frequency of pediatric assessment in the 4th and 5th year
every 6 months
52
frequency of pediatric assessment in the 6th year
yearly
53
PHYSICAL EXAM
Avoid touching painful areas until ??? has been gained.
Begin exam without ???.
Allow child to determine ??? if practical.
Use the same format as ???
confidence;
instruments;
order of exam;
adult physical exam
54
INFANT EXAM
Examine on ???.
Leave ??? on.
??? such as pacifier or bottle.
Talk ???.
Start with ???.
??? last.
parent lap;
diaper;
Comfort measures;
softly;
heart and lung sounds;
Ear and throat exam
55
TODDLER EXAM
Examine on parent lap if ???.
Use ??? therapy.
Distract with ???.
Let toddler play with ???/ BP.
Call by ???.
Praise ???.
Quickly do ???.
uncooperative;
play;
stories;
equipment;
name;
frequently;
exam
56
Measurements:
weight, height, head circumference, growth chart, BMI
57
PHYSICAL EXAM TECHNIQUE
Inspection- ???.
Palpation- ???.
Percussion- use. . .
Auscultation- ???
eye only;
tip of finger;
stethoscope
58
Dullness (???), resonance (???), tympanic (???).
solid organ;
over solid organ or filled air;
hollow organ
59
In a time crunch, these three questions should give
you enough insight into the child’s general functioning
Sleep & Activity
Appetite
Bowel & Bladder
60
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
The approach is:
[3]
But ??? is essential
And be ??? and ???
but [3]
Orderly
Systematic
Head-to-toe
FLEXIBILITY
kind and gentle
firm, direct and honest
61
Temperature: ???only when absolutely necessary
rectal
62
Pulse: ??? on all children under 1 year
apical
63
Respirations: infant use ???
abdominal muscles
64
infant: HR
80-150
65
infant: RR
24-38
66
infant: BP
65-100/45-65
67
toddler: HR
70-110
68
toddler: RR
22-30
69
toddler: BP
90-105/55-70
70
school-age: HR
60-110
71
school-age: RR
14-22
72
school-age: BP
90-120/60-75
73
adolescent: HR
60-100
74
adolescent: RR
12-22
75
adolescent: BP
110-125/65-85
76
HEENT
head
eyes
ears
nose
neck
throat
77
head shape
normocephalic-atraumatic
78
Fontannels/sutures: Anterior closes at ???, posterior by ???
10-18 months;
2 months
79
Temporal bruits may be significant after ???
5 yrs
80
Sinuses: Palpate for ??? in older children
tenderness
81
Nuchal rigidity
stiff neck
82
Kernigs
inability to extend legs
83
Brudzinski sign
flexion of hips when neck is flexed
84
Purple rash (check for ???)
blanching
85
Alignment of eye important due to
correlation with ???
brain development
86
the reddish-orange reflection seen in the pupil when light is shined into the eye.
red reflex
87
Amblyopia (???)
lazy eye
88
Pinna: line, low set ear (???)
retardation
89
Pinna is pulled down and back to straighten ear canal in children under ???.
3 years
90
Most common reason children come to the pediatrician or
emergency room
otitis media
91
Is it strep or is it viral
or could it be mono?
Sore Throats
92
Be sure about “lungs CTAB”
(clear to auscultation bilaterally)
93
??? palpation: in light circular motion to detect lesion and masses
light
94
??? palpation: palpate for internal organ like liver and spleen
deep
95
ALL THAT WHEEZES ISN’T ALWAYS ???…
ASTHMA
96
ALL THAT WHEEZES
ISN’T ALWAYS ASTHMA…
Think:
Infection
Foreign body aspiration
Anaphylaxis
97
ALL ASTHMA DOESN’T ALWAYS ???!
WHEEZE
98
AND ALL ASTHMA DOESN’T ALWAYS WHEEZE! [3]
Cough
Fatigue
Reduced exercise tolerance
99
acute cough
less than 2-3 weeks
100
chronic cough
more than 2-3 weeks
101
dry cough, productive/non-productive?
non-productive
102
mucousy cough, productive/non-productive?
productive
103
Abdominal girth should be measured over the ??? Whenever possible.
umbilicus
104
BOWEL SOUNDS
Normal: every ???.
10 to 30 seconds
105
Listen in each quadrant long enough to ???
hear at least one bowel sound
106
Hypoactive bowel sounds;
peritonitis, paralytic illeus
107
Lateral curvature of spine
scoliosis
108
The Five P’s:
Pain
Paresthesia
Passive stretch
Pressure
Pulse-less-ness
109
are tiny, pinpoint-sized red, purple, or brown spots that appear on the skin due to bleeding under the skin.
Petechiae
110
??? refers to purple or red spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin.
Purpura
111
is the medical term for a bruise, which occurs when blood leaks from damaged blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
Ecchymosis
112
Capillary bleeding: [2] usually indicate serious conditions
Petechiae and purpura
113
THE ??? CHILD
Privacy and modesty.
Explain procedures
and equipment.
Interact with child
during exam.
SCHOOL-AGE
114
first consideration in adolescents
privacy issues
115
PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT
HEADS
home life
emotions/education
activities
drugs/alcohol
sexuality/suicide
116
PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT
SHADESS
school
home
activities
drugs
emotions
sexuality
safety
117
At birth, the newborn’s skin is smooth and thin. It may appear ruddy because of visible blood circulation through the newborn’s thin layer of subcutaneous fat. This
thin layer of ???, combined with the skin’s inability to ??? and ???, results in ???.
fat;
contract and shiver;
ineffective temperature regulation
118
The dermis and epidermis are thin and loosely bound together. This
increases the skin’s susceptibility to infection and irritation and creates a poor barrier, resulting in ???.
fluid loss
119
When the newborn’s body temperature drops, the hands and/or feet may appear ??? (???).
blue (acrocyanosis)
120
may be visible on the skin. It appears as a thick, cheesy, white substance on the skin and is especially prevalent in skinfolds. This is normal and usually absorbs into the skin.
Vernix caseosa
121
After birth, the newborn’s sebaceous glands are active because of high levels of
???
maternal androgen
122
??? develop when sebaceous glands become plugged.
Eccrine glands function at birth, creating ???, which is helpful when assessing pain.
Apocrine glands stay small and nonfunctional until ???.
Milia;
palmar sweating;
puberty
123
The fine, downy hairs called ???, which appear on the newborn’s body, shoulders, and/or back at birth, develop in the fetus at ??? months’ gestation and disappear within the first ??? weeks of life.
lanugo;
3;
2
124
Scalp hair follicle growth phases occur concurrently at birth but are disrupted during ???. This may result in overgrowth or alopecia (hair loss)
early infancy
125
Missing or short nails usually signify ???, and long nails usually signify ???.
prematurity;
postmaturity
126
Head growth predominates during the fetal period. At birth, the head circumference (HC) is ??? than that of the chest.
greater (by 2 cm)
127
The cranial bones are soft and
separated by the [3] sutures, which intersect at the [2] fontanelle
coronal, lambdoid, and sagittal;
anterior and posterior
128
begins in infancy and continues into adulthood
Ossification
129
The newborn’s skull is typically asymmetric (???) because of molding that occurs as the newborn passes through the birth canal.
plagiocephaly
130
A full anterior fontanelle may be palpable when ???
the newborn cries
131
Eye: ??? reflex is poor at birth and improves at 5 months of age.
Pupillary
132
The newborn is farsighted and has a visual acuity of ???.
20/200
133
At 4 months, an infant can fixate on a singular object with both eyes simultaneously (???)
binocularity
134
The inner ear develops during the first trimester of gestation. Therefore, maternal problems during this time, such as ???, may impair hearing.
rubella
135
Newborns can hear loud sounds at 90 dB and react with the ???
startle reflex
136
If there is an anatomical anomaly of the ear, the neonate should be examined for ??? anomalies as well, as the ears and ??? develop at the same embryologic stage
renal;
kidneys
137
Saliva is minimal at birth, but drooling is evident by ??? months because of the increased secretion of saliva.
3
138
Newborns are obligatory nose breathers and, therefore, have significant distress when their nasal passages are ???
obstructed
139
The umbilical cord is prominent in the newborn and contains ???. The umbilicus consists of two parts: the ??? portion and the ??? portion.
two arteries and one vein;
amniotic, cutaneous
140
umbilicus: The ??? portion is covered with a gel-like substance and dries up and falls off within 2 weeks of birth.
amniotic
141
umbilicus: The ??? portion is covered with skin and draws back to become flush with the abdominal wall
cutaneous
142
The abdomen of infants is ???.
cylindrical
143
Peristaltic waves may be visible in infants up to ? months of age and may be indicative of a disease or disorder such as ???
3;
pyloric stenosis
144
At birth, female genitalia may be ???. ??? or ??? may be noted because of the influence of maternal hormones.
engorged;
Vaginal mucoid or bloody discharge
145
is passed during the first 24 hours of life, signifying anal patency
Meconium
146
Stools are passed by reflex, and anal sphincter control is not reached until ??? years of age after the nerves supplying the area have become fully myelinated.
1.5 to 2
147
At birth, the newborn should have ??? range of motion (ROM) of all extremities.
full
148
The hips should also be checked for dislocation and ease of movement by performing the ??? test and ???sign.
Ortolani;
Barlow
149
The spine has a ??? curve at birth.
single C-shaped
150
The grasp reflex is present at ??? and strengthens at ? month. This reflex fades at ? months
birth;
1;
3
151
the ability to distinguish between colors is not developed until approximately ? months of age
8
152
is the first means of communication
Crying
153
Cooing begins by ?? months
1 to 2
154
laughing and babbling by ???months
3 to 4
155
consonant sounds by ??? months
3 to 4
156
The infant begins to imitate sounds by ??? months
6
157
Combined syllables (“mama”) are vocalized by ??? months
8
158
the infant understands “no-no” by ??? months
9
159
“Mama” and “dada” are said with meaning by ??? months
10
160
infant says a total of two to four words with meaning by ??? months
12
161
The crisis faced by an infant (birth to 1 year) is termed ???
trust versus mistrust
162
Honey should not be fed to infants during the first year of life because it may cause ???.
infant botulism
163
Because of the possibility of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), caution parents to place their young infants to sleep in the ??? or ??? position.
supine or side-lying
164
Make sure the newborn or infant is not crying during the measurement, as this can ??? BP.
elevate
165
When palpating the testicles in
the infant, you must keep the
??? reflex in mind.
This reflex pulls the testicles up
into the inguinal canal and
abdomen and is elicited in
response to touch, cold, or
emotional factors.
cremasteric
166
sucking reflex disappears at ??? months
10 to 12
167
palmar grasp reflex disappears at ??? months
3 to 4
168
plantar grasp reflex disappears at ??? months
8 to 10
169
tonic reflex:
usually does not appear until ??? months of age.
disappears by ??? months
2;
4 to 6
170
moro/ startle reflex disappears by ??? months
3
171
babinski reflex disappears within ??? years
2
172
stepping reflex usually disappears within ??? months
2
173
A rigid abdomen in an infant is an emergency situation because it signifies ??? from either blood or infection
peritoneal irritation
174
A palpable mass would be cause for concern and would require ???, but it is not an emergency situation.
referral
175
Children have ??? deciduous teeth, which are lost between the ages of 6 and 12
20
176
enlargement of breast tissue in boys, may be noted in some male adolescents
Gynecomastia
177
Between 8 and 13 years of age, ??? (breast development) may occur
thelarche
178
Male genitalia generally develop over a 2- to 5-year period, beginning from ??? to ???
preadolescence to adulthood
179
toddlers walk without help
15 months
180
they walk upstairs with one hand held.
At 18 months
181
toddlers walk up and down stairs one step at a time
24 months
182
they jump with both feet
30 months
183
???-month-old toddlers can build a two-block tower and scribble spontaneously.
Fifteen
184
they can build a three- to four-block tower
18 months
185
imitate a vertical stroke
24 months
186
they build an eight-block tower and copy a cross
30 months
187
children can ride a tricycle, go upstairs using alternate feet,
stand on one foot for a few seconds, and broad jump
3 years
188
-year-old children can skip, hop on one foot, catch a ball, and go downstairs using alternate feet.
Four
189
children can skip on alternate feet, throw and catch a ball, jump rope, and balance on alternate feet with eyes closed
5 years
190
children can lace shoes, copy a square shape, trace a diamond shape, and add three parts to a stick figure
4 years
191
??? year-old children can tie shoelaces, use scissors well, copy diamond and triangle shapes, add seven to nine parts to a stick figure, and print a few letters and numbers and their first name.
five
192
toddlers use expressive jargon
15 months
193
they say 300 words and use two- to three-word phrases and pronouns
2 years
194
toddlers give their first and last names and use plurals.
At 2.5 years
195
Erikson terms the psychosocial crises facing a child between ages 1 and 3 ???
autonomy versus shame and doubt.
196
Between the ages of 3 and 6, a child faces a psychosocial crisis that Erikson terms ???
initiative versus guilt.
197
Erikson terms the psychosocial crisis faced by a child aged 6 to 12 ???
industry versus inferiority.
198
Erikson terms the psychosocial crisis faced by adolescents (aged 13–18) ???
identity versus role diffusion.
199
Toddlers engage in ???—they play alongside, not with, others.
parallel play
200
Typical preschool play is ???—interactive and cooperative with sharing
associative
201
Play becomes more competitive and complex during the ??? period.
school-age
