Pain Assessment Flashcards
(54 cards)
“an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, which we primarily associate with tissue damage or describe in terms of such damage”
pain
is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does
Pain
Pain is a combination of ??? but with ??? that influence its perception.
physiologic phenomena;
psychosocial aspects
The pathophysiologic phenomena of pain are associated with the ???
central and peripheral nervous systems
The source of pain stimulates peripheral nerve endings (???), which transmit the sensations to the central nervous system (CNS).
nociceptors
begins when a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus results in tissue injury or damage stimulating the nociceptors, which are the primary afferent nerves for receiving painful stimuli.
Transduction of pain
transmit fast pain to the spinal cord within 0.1 seconds, which is felt as a pricking, sharp, or electric-quality sensation and usually is caused by mechanical or thermal
stimuli.
A-delta primary afferent fibers
transmit slow pain within 1 second, which is felt as burning, throbbing, or aching and is caused by mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli, usually resulting in tissue damage.
C fibers
The ??? is initiated by this inflammatory process, resulting in the conduction of an impulse in the primary afferent neurons to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
transmission process
The ??? and ??? are responsible for the emotional aspect of pain perception, while the ??? is responsible for the rational interpretation and response to pain.
hypothalamus and limbic system;
frontal cortex
??? of pain is a difficult phenomenon to explain. This changes or inhibits the pain message relay in the spinal cord.
Modulation
Pain elicits a stress response in the human body that triggers the ???, resulting in ???
sympathetic nervous system;
physiologic responses
Emotional pain or mental pain; refers to pain originating from the person’s psychological dimension and has been found to underlie suicidal behavior
Psychological pain
The process of somatization, when psychological pain becomes physical (Burton, 2018). Somatization involves transferring or converting uncomfortable feelings into physical symptoms, which may be more tolerable. Examples include limb paralysis, sensory loss, seizures (often
called pseudoseizures).
Psychosomatic
or
psychogenic pain
Pain caused by nerve receptors detecting harmful stimuli. The receptors react to mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli that may cause damage to skin, muscles, bones, or connective tissue (Smith, 2018).
Nociceptive pain
is the most common type of pain. It may be somatic, visceral, or radicular, depending on the location.
Nociceptive pain
Results from damage or dysfunction of any level of the nervous system (peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain) (Cleveland Clinic, 2015). Nerve function may change at the site of the damage, affecting one or more nerves or the central nervous system. About 30% of neuropathies are caused by diabetes.
Neuropathic pain
Has two aspects: inflammatory and immune responses accompanying and causing both nociceptive and neurologic pain; and inflammatory pain syndromes, such as back pain, shoulder pain, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and migraine (H-Wave.com, 2019). In many types of pain, this type of pain is involved and may enhance the sensation of pain
Inflammatory pain
Occurs when stimuli in the tissues (skin, muscles, joints, skeleton, connective tissue) are activated. Stimuli such as force, temperature, vibration, and swelling activate the nerve receptors and produce a sensation of cramping, gnawing, aching, or sharp pain (Duggal, 2017).
Somatic pain
Occurs when nerves in the internal organs in the chest, abdomen, intestines, or pelvis are stimulated. This type of pain pain feels vague, not localized, with a sensation of a deep squeeze, pressure, or aching
(Duggal, 2017).
Visceral pain
Generated by stimuli at the nerve root at its connection to the spinal nerves.
Radicular pain
A sensation of pain in a body region distant from the actual source of the painful stimulus.
Referred pain
Pain in a part of the body that has been removed, such as a leg.
Phantom pain
Is more than one type of pain. Cancer may have little to no pain. Cancer
treatments (chemotherapy and radiation) also cause their own pain
responses. Types of pain in this type of pain include nerve pain, bone pain, tissue pain, and the pain may be referred or phantom (pain in a part of the body that has been removed).
Inflammatory pain is often a significant part of this pain, both nociceptive and neuropathic.
Cancer pain
