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SOC1110 > Chp 16 - Social Change, Environment, & Popul > Flashcards

Chp 16 - Social Change, Environment, & Popul Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

what is the establishment of new norms in response to emerging situations

A

collective behavior

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2
Q

what group is most vulnerable to health challenges

A

the unvaccinated

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3
Q

what is social, political, and economic interdependence across the world

A

globalization

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4
Q

what are the ways interaction, institutions, and stratification are altered at the societal level

A

social change

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5
Q

what happens when parents refuse to vaccinate children who are eligible for vaccines

A

broken social contract

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6
Q

what are radical or reactionary

A

social movements

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7
Q

what are the the total transformations of central state institutions

A

revolution

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8
Q

define ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY

A

scientific study of interdependencies between humans & environment w/one another

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9
Q

define HUMAN ECOSYSTEM

A

any system of interdependent parts involving human interactions w/each other & environment

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10
Q

define CLIMATE CHANGE

A

increase in global surface temperature causes ecological changes

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11
Q

give examples of the effects climate change causes

A
  • rising coastal waters
  • extreme weather patterns
  • loss of clean H2O
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12
Q

define SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF DENIAL

A

people don’t want to face unpleasant emotions

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13
Q

define ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM

A

pattern where toxic wastes & other pollutants disproprotionately in minority & poor neighborhoods leading to health consequences

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14
Q

define ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE MOVEMENT

A

social action that communities took to prevent environmental racism

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15
Q

define DEMOGRAPHY

A

scientific study of population

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16
Q

define CENSUS

A

populatoin head count at regular intervals to track social factors and serve as the basis for distribution of federal benefits

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17
Q

define POPULATION DENSITY

A

of ppl/unit of area

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18
Q

define CRUDE BIRTH RATE/BIRTH RATE

A

of babies per 1000 ppl per year

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19
Q

why is the birth rate called a crude birth rate

A

doesn’t take account age or sex differences

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20
Q

which country has the highest birth rate

A

niger

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21
Q

which country has the lowest birth rate

A

hong kong, japan, italy

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22
Q

define CRUDE DEATH RATE/DEATH RATE

A

of deaths per 1000 ppl per year

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23
Q

why is the death rate important

A

it reflects the overall standard of living and quality of medicine & healthcare

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24
Q

define INFANT MORTALITY RATE

A

of infant deaths per year for every 1000 births

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25
what country has the highest infant mortality rate
India
26
what country has the lowest infant mortality rate
Japan
27
define SEX RATIO
number of males per 100 females
28
what does a sex ratio of more than 100 mean
more males than females
29
what does a sex ratio of less than 100 mean
more females than males
30
why do almost all societies have a sex ratio score of less than 100
although more boys are typically born, more females live
31
define POPULATION PYRAMID
visual depictions of age & sex distribution @ given time
32
define COHORT
all ppl born within given period with the amount either staying the same or decreasing
33
define ZERO POPULATION GROWTH
birth and death rate are equal and there is a lack of other population factors
34
define DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
countries pass thru consistent sequence of population patterns linked to degree of development
35
what are the 3 stages of demographic transition theory
1. high birth and death 2. high birth and decreasing death 3. low birth and death
36
t/f: family size increase with income
false
37
define SOCIAL CHANGE
significant alteration over time in behavior patterns & culture
38
___ generally spurs social change
relative deprivation
39
what are characteristics of social change
- uneven - onset & consequences often unforseen - cannot erase past - change leads to conflict - direction of change is not random
40
what are sources of social change
- cultural diffusion - tech innovation & cyperspace revolution - war and revolution - social movements & collective behavior
41
define COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
group behavior in response to disruption of usual conventions guiding social behavior
42
define REVOLUTION
total transformation of central state institutions
43
what is required for there to be a revolution
opportunity for groups to mass mobilize
44
can a revolution happen solely based on disatisfaction
no
45
define SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
group that acts w/some continuity and organization to promote/resist social change
46
t/f: change comes from institutions
false it comes from humans
47
t/f: social movements contribute to public opinion and increasingly take on international dimension
true
48
what are requirements of social movements
ppl, access to media, political influence, workers, leadership to combat false consciousness
49
what is the most important requirement for social movements
ppl
50
the ppl in a social movement must...
- feel they have right to goals - feel they cannot attain goals by conventional means
51
define NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
movements organized by ppl motivated by value issues and social identity questions
52
what are characteristics of new social movements
- interested in ability to control and improve own life w/o understanding own privilege - don't trust govt - don't accept established authority
53
give an example of a new social movement
libertarians
54
define RELATIVE DEPRIVATION
frustration with outcomes of having less/more than others
55
define RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
success of social movements depend on reasons available and allocated
56
define GLOBALIZATION
increase in interconnectedness & interdependence of numerous societies around the world
57
define MODERNIZATION
process of sociocultural change intitiated by industrialization followed by increase social differentiation and division of labor
58
what are the 3 characteristics of modernization
- decrease in small traditional communities - increase in modernization and bureaucracy - decrease in importance in religious institutions
59
increasing modernization and bureaucracy causes people to
feel powerless and uncertain
60
what happens when there is a decrease in small traditional communities
secondary groups become more important than primary groups
61
define URBANIZATION
process which community acquires characteristics of city life
62
define URBAN VILLAGE
subgroups of urban population
63
describe EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF SOCIAL CHANGE
society moves from simple to complex
64
describe the perspective of Functionalist's theory of social change
- 1 institution changes then all institutions change - go from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity - change enhances stability - 4 processes = differentiation, adaptive upgrading, inclusion, and value generation
65
define ADAPTIVE UPGRADING
hwo should things change and adapt to make things better
66
what is the perspective of conflict theorists regarding social change
- change corrects social injustices & inequalities - change is driven by economic inequality - tech is a measure of social control - major problem is false consciousness
67
what is the perspective of symbolic interactionists regarding social change
- definitions of good & bad change - change = new meanings develop - talks about indiv. decision making - ppl have to adapt
68
what are reasons/components for resistance to social change
- ralse consciousness - fear of tech - cultural lag - vested interests
69
define DEPENDENCY THEORY
developing country relies on developed country to try to develop but developed country leaves other country worse off
70
dependency theory is aligned with
conflict theory
71
define the WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
explains global economic dynamics of countries using 3 types of world (1st, 2nd, and 3rd)
72
list CORE COUNTRIES/1st WORLD
US, Canada, Australia, West EU
73
list SEMI-PERIPHERY COUNTRIES/2ND WORLD
Brazil, Russia, India, & China
74
list PERIPHERY COUNTRIES/3RD WORLD
almost all of Africa, Asia, & middle east
75
define TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
businesses w/locations thru out the world with HQ & manufacturing
76
what kind of political issues do transnational corps give countries
- tax havens - legalities - migrant workers - safety concerns

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